Objective - to evaluate modern approaches to pathogenetic studies, diagnosis, optical correction, and treatment of keratoconus (KC). Material and methods. Research results over the recent years obtained with up-to-date methods of pathogenetic studying, diagnosis, correction, and treatment of KC are presented. Results. Modern approaches to KC consist in analysis of corneal composition and trace elements migration as well as influencing factors. Topographic keratometry and pachymetry proved effective in early detection of KC. Results of intrastromal corneal segments implantation and corneal collagen cross-linking for optical correction and prevention of progression of KC are presented. The use of contact lenses and penetrative keratoplasty for optical correction in KC is comparatively analyzed. A new technique of complete corneal stromoplasty with viscoablation, which does not require anterior corneal stroma pre-separation and removal over the whole area of transplantation and ensures good visual control of Descemet's membrane separation, is suggested. Combined eximer laser photorefractive and phototherapeutic keratectomy for early keratoconus is theoretically substantiated. Conclusion. In most patients the discussed methods ensure prevention of progression of keratoconus, optical correction, and treatment. Prospects of further improvement of early diagnosis and treatment are associated with profound studying of the disease pathogenesis.