Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is attributed by some researchers to inflammatory syndrome with subclinical course due to the presence of individual inflammatory clinical signs and detection of proinflammatory cytokines in vaginal discharge produced by T-helper type 1 cells (Th1). This is a common vaginal disease in women of reproductive age. The analytical review discusses modern aspects of this disease. It is considered that the disease occurs when predominant species of healthy vaginal flora (Lactobacillus spp.) replace anaerobic bacteria, mostly Gardnerella vaginalis, although the etiology of BV is still unknown. There is an increasing evidence confirming the hypothesis that BV raises the risk of sexually transmitted infections (including chlamydial, gonococcal, as well as human papilloma virus and human immunodeficiency virus) in women and their sexual partners. G. vaginalis has a proven ability to form microbial biofilm on the surface of the vaginal mucosa. The modern conceptual model of BV pathogenesis includes the transmission of G. vaginalis virulent strains through sexual intercourse and the initiation of microbial biofilm formation. Microorganisms acquire new properties being a part of biofilm including a significant reduction of sensitivity to causal treatment of BV-associated bacteria. It’s important to note that biofilm formation is one of the causes of antibiotic resistance, low therapy effectiveness and BV relapses.