Unbalanced and insufficient nutrition during pregnancy has a negative impact not only on the body of a pregnant woman, but also on the development of her unborn child. It is well known that malnourished women are at greater risk of having a small child, that folic acid deficiency before conception is associated with the risk of developing neural tube defects and other malformations. In recent years, the understanding of the influence of the nature of the nutrition of the expectant mother on the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases in the older children has changed. Macronutrient imbalances are rare in high-income countries, but micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) deficiencies are more common. In low- and middle-income countries, micronutrient deficiencies are more common. The connecting organ between the circulatory system of the mother and fetus during pregnancy is the placenta. Maternal malnutrition adversely affects the development and functioning of the placenta, which leads to the risk of fetal growth retardation, premature birth, as well as stillbirth and neonatal death. In addition, placental dysfunction is associated with the development of preeclampsia, the most severe hypertensive complication during pregnancy and the primary cause of maternal death worldwide. Numerous studies show the role of calcium supplements, vitamins C, E and D in the prevention of preeclampsia. Other studies show the contribution of zinc or vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of preterm birth. A balanced protein intake and intake of vitamin-mineral complexes can reduce the risk of fetal growth retardation. The purpose of the presented literature review was to systematize the data of recent studies on the impact of nutrients and dietary interventions on the course and outcomes of pregnancy associated with placental disorders and the risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.