Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by repetitive head impacts from contact sports, physical violence, and other causes. The urgency of the problem is due to the high incidence of pathology, not only in adults, but, most importantly, in the pediatric population. The paper presents a review of the literature in databases eLibrary.ru, CyberLeninka, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar with the key terms «head injury», «traumatic encephalopathy», «diagnosis», «treatment», «children and adolescents». The information obtained is analyzed, systematized and presented in three sections: general information about CTE; sports-related concussion; clinical and morphological picture of CTE; diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome; treatment of CTE. Neurofibrillary glomeruli (phospho-tau) formation, impaired amyloid beta elimination, impaired blood-brain barrier function, and low-intensity inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of CTE. The agreed diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome and the step-by-step diagnosis of this syndrome proposed in 2021 by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the USA are outlined. Treatment includes symptomatic therapy for anxiety and depression, cognitive impairment, behavioral disorders, neuroprotectors, and non-drug intervention methods. Citicoline (Neipilept) and choline alfoscerate (Cereton) are considered as potential neuroprotectors.