The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Kasatkin D.S.

Poliklinika #5, Iaroslavl'

A place of first-line drugs in treatment of multiple sclerosis

Authors:

Kasatkin D.S.

More about the authors

Journal: S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2016;116(12): 145‑151

DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2016116121145-151

Views: 496

Downloaded: 11

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

To cite this article:

Kasatkin DS. A place of first-line drugs in treatment of multiple sclerosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2016;116(12):145‑151. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2016116121145-151

 
МСФ на ЯМ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
The effe­ctiveness of tele-rehabilitation for patients with multiple scle­rosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020—2021 was evaluated in this study. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(3):75-81
Long-term effi­cacy and safety of divo­zilimab during 2-year treatment of multiple scle­rosis patients in randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial BCD-132-4/MIRANTIBUS. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(4):86-96
A case of COVID-associated ence­phalopathy in a patient with multiple scle­rosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(4):159-163
A role of cere­brovascular diseases in the progression of multiple scle­rosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(5):53-57
Questionnaires for arm function asse­ssment in patients with multiple scle­rosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(6):36-42
Features of primary forms of headache in multiple scle­rosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(6):70-73
Neurofilament light chain: a diagnostic pote­ntial for multiple scle­rosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(6):115-119
Vali­dation of e-version of Russian-language expa­nded disa­bility status scale (EDSS) for patients with multiple scle­rosis in the Russian Fede­ration. Medi­cal Technologies. Asse­ssment and Choice. 2024;(1):9-16
Opti­cal cohe­rence tomo­graphy angiography in the diagnosis of multiple scle­rosis. Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2024;(2):63-70
Opti­cal cohe­rence tomo­graphy in the diagnosis of multiple scle­rosis. Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2024;(3):59-68

A rapidly changing set of drugs for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) leads to the necessity of searching for predictors of their efficacy. Understanding of pathogenetic processes in MS and mechanisms of action of different drugs play an important role in the search for markers of potential responders. The author analyses the presently accumulated information on the original drug copaxone (glatiramer acetate) including current concepts on the mechanism of action, long-term safety and efficacy. Data on the frequency and significance of adverse effects during treatment with glatiramer acetate as well as on the influence of the drug on pregnancy, postpartum course of MS and development of the infant who received glatiramer acetate prenatally compared to other disease-modifying drugs are presented.

Keywords:

multiple sclerosis
glatiramer acetate
adverse effects

Authors:

Kasatkin D.S.

Poliklinika #5, Iaroslavl'

List of references:

  1. Subei AM, Ontaneda D. Risk Mitigation Strategies for Adverse Reactions Associated with the Disease-Modifying Drugs in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(9):759-771. doi 10.1007/s40263-015-0277-4
  2. Habirov FA, Devlikamova FI, Hajbullin TI, Babicheva NN. Pathogenetic heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis: a key to understanding the clinical polymorphism of the disease and the development of individualized therapy. Nevrologicheskij vestnik. 2010;1:54-65. (In Russ.).
  3. Scott LJ. Glatiramer acetate: a review of its use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and in delaying the onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2013;27:971-88. doi 10.1007/s40263-013-0117-3
  4. Lalive PH, Neuhaus O, Benkhoucha M, Burger D, Hohlfeld R, Zamvil SS, Weber MS. Glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: emerging concepts regarding its mechanism of action. CNS Drugs. 2011;25:401-414. doi 10.2165/11588120-000000000-00000
  5. Fricker J. The copolymer-1 story so far. Lancet. 1998;351:1792. doi 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78758-4
  6. Towfic F, Funt JM, Fowler KD, Bakshi S, Blaugrund E, Artyomov MN, Hayden MR, Ladkani D, Schwartz R, Zeskind B. Comparing the biological impact of glatiramer acetate with the biological impact of a generic. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):83757. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0083757
  7. De Stefano N, Filippi M, Confavreux C, Vermersch P, Simu M, Sindic C, Hupperts R, Bajenaru O, Edan G, Grimaldi L, Marginean I, Medaer R, Orefice G, Pascu I, Pelletier J, Sanders E, Scarpini E, Mancardi GL. The results of two multicenter, open-label studies assessing efficacy, tolerability and safety of protiramer, a high molecular weight synthetic copolymeric mixture, in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2009;15(2):238-243. doi 10.1177/1352458508098269
  8. Bornstein MB, Miller A, Slagle S, Weitzman M, Crystal H, Drexler E, Keilson M, Merriam A, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Spada V. A pilot trial of Cop 1 in exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(7):408-414. doi 10.1056/nejm198708133170703
  9. Sela M. Poly(a-amino acids) — From a better understanding of immune phenomena to a drug against multiple sclerosis. Acta Polym. 1998;49:523-525.
  10. Ziemssen T, Schrempf W. Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2007;79:537-570. doi 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79024-4
  11. Fridkis-Hareli M, Teitelbaum D, Gurevich E, Pecht I, Brautbar C, Kwon OJ, Brenner T, Arnon R, Sela M. Direct binding of myelin basic protein and synthetic copolymer 1 to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules on living antigen-presenting cells-specificity and promiscuity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:4872-4876. doi 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4872
  12. Weber MS, Prod'homme T, Youssef S, Dunn SE, Rundle CD, Lee L, Patarroyo JC, Stüve O, Sobel RA, Steinman L, Zamvil SS. Type II monocytes modulate T cell-mediated central nervous system autoimmune disease. Nat Med. 2007;13:935-943. doi 10.1038/nm1620
  13. Stasiolek M, Bayas A, Kruse N, Wieczarkowiecz A, Toyka KV, Gold R, Selmaj K. Impaired maturation and altered regulatory function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2006;129:1293-1305. doi 10.1093/brain/awl043
  14. Weber MS, Starck M, Wagenpfeil S, Meinl E, Hohlfeld R, Farina C. Multiple sclerosis: glatiramer acetate inhibits monocyte reactivity in vitro and in vivo. Brain. 2004;127:1370-1378. doi 10.1093/brain/awh163
  15. Li Q, Milo R, Panitch H, Swoveland P, Bever JrCT. Glatiramer acetate blocks the activation of THP-1 cells by interferongamma. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998;342:303-310. doi 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01509-4
  16. Vieira PL, Heystek HC, Wormmeester J, Wierenga EA, Kapsenberg ML. Glatiramer acetate (copolymer-1, Copaxone) promotes Th2 cell development and increased IL-10 production through modulation of dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2003;170:4483-4488. doi 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4483
  17. Sanna A, Fois ML, Arru G, Huang YM, Link H, Pugliatti M, Rosati G, Sotgiu S. Glatiramer acetate reduces lymphocyte proliferation and enhances IL-5 and IL-13 production through modulation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;143:357-362. doi 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.02997.x
  18. Gran B, Tranquill M, Chen B, Bielekova W, Zhou W, Dhib-Jalbut S, Martin R. Mechanisms of immunmodulation by glatiramer acetate. Neurology. 2000;55:1704-1714. doi 10.1212/wnl.55.11.1704
  19. Duda PW, Schmied MC, Cook SL, Krieger JI, Hafler DA. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) induces degenerate, Th2-polarized immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2000;105:967-876. doi 10.1172/jci8970
  20. Miller A, Shapiro S, Gershtein R, Kinarty A, Rawashdeh H, Honigman S, Lahat N. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with copolymer-1 (Copaxone): implicating mechanisms of Th1 to Th2/Th3 immune-deviation. J Neuroimmunol. 1998;92:113-121. doi 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00191-x
  21. Tennakoon DK, Mehta RS, Ortega SB, Bhoj V, Racke MK, Karandikar NJ. Therapeutic induction of regulatory, CD8+ T cells in Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol. 2006;176:7119-7129. doi 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.7119
  22. Ragheb S, Abramczyk S, Lisak D, Lisak R. Long-term therapy with glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis: effect on T cells. Mult Scler. 2001;7:43-47. doi 10.1177/135245850100700108
  23. Ruggieri M, Avolio C, Scacco S, Pica C, Lia A, Zimatore GB, Papa S, Livrea P, Trojano M. Glatiramer acetate induces proapoptotic mechanisms involving Bcl-2, Bax and Cyt-c in peripheral lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol. 2006;253:231-236. doi 10.1007/s00415-005-0965-y
  24. Karandikar NJ, Crawford MP, Yan X, Ratts RB, Brenchley JM, Ambrozak DR, Lovett-Racke AE, Frohman EM, Stastny P, Douek DC, Koup RA, Racke MK. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) therapy induces CD8(+) T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:641-649. doi 10.1172/jci200214380
  25. Ragheb S, Abramczyk S, Lisak D, Lisak R. Long-term therapy with glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis: effect on T-cells. Mult Scler. 2001;7:43-47. doi 10.1177/135245850100700108
  26. Kasatkin DS, Spirin NN, Stepanov IO. The local adverse reactions during therapy with drugs that change the course of multiple sclerosis.Prakticheskaja medicina. 2013;1-1(68):181-182. (In Russ.).
  27. Peresedova AV, Zavalishin IA, Adarcheva LS, Askarova LSh, Zaharova MN, Eliseeva DD, Nijazbekova AS, Stojda NI, Trifonova OV. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The results of long-term use: emerging issues and directions for further research. Nervnye bolezni. 2012;4:26-30. (In Russ.).
  28. Aharoni R, Teitelbaum D, Leitner O, Meshorer A, Sela M, Arnon R. Specific TH2 cells are present in the central nervous system of mice protected against EAE by copolymer 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:11472-11477. doi 10.1073/pnas.97.21.11472
  29. Neuhaus O, Farina C, Yassouridis A, Wiendl H, Then Bergh F, Dose T. Multiple sclerosis: comparison of copolymer-1-reactive T-cell lines from treated and untreated subjects reveals cytokine shift from T helper 1 to T helper 2 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:7452-7457. doi 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7452
  30. Begum-Haque S, Sharma A, Kasper IR, Foureau DM, Mielcarz DW, Haque A, Kasper LH. Downregulation of IL-17 and IL-6 in the central nervous system by glatiramer acetate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2008;204:68-65. doi 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.018
  31. Luchtman DW, Ellwardt E, Larochelle C, Zipp F. IL-17 and related cytokines involved in the pathology and immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis: Current and future developments. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2014;25(4):403-413. doi 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.013
  32. Hirota K, Duarte JH, Veldhoen M, Hornsby E, Li Y, Cua DJ, Ahlfors H, Wilhelm C, Tolaini M, Menzel U, Garefalaki A, Potocnik AJ, Stockinger B. Fate mapping of IL-17-producing T cells in inflammatory responses. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(3):255-263. doi 10.1038/ni.1993
  33. Babaloo Z, Aliparasti MR, Babaiea F, Almasi S, Baradaran B, Farhoudi M. The role of Th17 cells in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: interleukin-17A and interleukin-17F serum levels. Immunol Lett. 2015;164(2):76-80. doi 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.01.001
  34. Hong J, Li N, Zhang X, Zheng B, Zhang JZ. Induction of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by copolymer-I through activation of transcription factor Foxp3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:6449-6454. doi 10.1073/pnas.0502187102
  35. Venken K, Hellings N, Broekmans T, Hensen K, Rummens JL, Stinissen P. Natural naive CD4+CD25+ CD127low regulatory T cell (Treg) development and function are disturbed in multiple sclerosis patients: recovery of memory Treg homeostasis during disease progression. J Immunol. 2008;180:6411-6420. doi 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6411
  36. Saresella M, Marventano I, Longhi R, Lissoni F, Trabattoni D, Mendozzi L, Caputo D, Clerici M. CD4+CD25+FoxP3+PD1-regulatory T cells in acute and stable relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and their modulation by therapy. FASEB J. 2008;22:3500-358. doi 10.1096/fj.08-110650
  37. Brenner T, Arnon R, Sela M, Abramsky O, Meiner Z, Riven-Krietman R. Humoral and cellular immune responses to Copolymer 1 in multiple sclerosis patients treated with Copaxone. J Neuroimmunol. 2001;115:152-160. doi 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00250-8
  38. Farina C, Vargas V, Heydari N, Kümpfel T, Meinl E, Hohlfeld R. Treatment with glatiramer acetate induces specific IgG4 antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol. 2002;123:188-192. doi 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00490-8
  39. Ishizaka A, Sakiyama Y, Nakanishi M, Tomizawa K, Oshika E, Kojima K, Taguchi Y, Kandil E, Matsumoto S. The inductive effect of interleukin-4 on IgG4 and IgE synthesis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990;79:392-396. doi 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb08101.x
  40. Teitelbaum D, Brenner T, Abramsky O, Aharoni R, Sela M, Arnon R. Antibodies to glatiramer acetate do not interfere with its biological functions and therapeutic efficacy. Mult Scler. 2003;9:592-599. doi 10.1191/1352458503ms963oa
  41. Ure DR, Rodriguez M. Polyreactive antibodies to glatiramer acetate promote myelin repair in murine model of demyelinating disease. FASEB J. 2002;16:1260-1262. doi 10.1096/fj.01-1023fje
  42. Kala M, Rhodes SN, Piao W-H, Shi FD, Campagnolo DI, Vollmer TL. B cells from glatiramer acetate-treated mice suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol. 2010;221:136-145. doi 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.015
  43. Ziemssen T, Kümpfel T, Klinkert WE, Neuhaus O, Hohlfeld R. Glatiramer acetate-specific T-helper 1- and 2-type cell lines produce BDNF: implications for multiple sclerosis therapy. Brain. 2002;125:2381-2391. doi 10.1093/brain/awf252
  44. Aharoni R, Eilam R, Domev H, Labunskay G, Sela M, Arnon R. The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. PNAS. 2005;102:19045-19050. doi 10.1073/pnas.0509438102
  45. Gilgun-Sherki Y, Panet H, Holdengreber V, Mosberg-Galili R, Offen D. Axonal damage is reduced following glatiramer acetate treatment in C57/bl mice with chronic-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurosci Res. 2003;47: 201-207. doi 10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00217-7
  46. Kipnis J, Yoles E, Porat Z, Cohen A, Mor F, Sela M, Cohen IR, Schwartz M. T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: possible therapy for optic neuropathies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:7446-7451. doi 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7446
  47. Chabot S, Yong FP, Le DM, Metz LM, Myles T, Yong VW. Cytokine production in T-lymphocyte — microglia interaction is attenuated by glatiramer acetate: a mechanism for therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2002;8:299-306. doi 10.1191/1352458502ms810oa
  48. Aharoni R, Kayhan B, Eilam R, Sela M, Arnon R. Glatiramer acetate-specific Tcells in the brain express T helper 2/3 cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in situ. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:14157-14162. doi 10.1073/pnas.2336171100
  49. Liu J, Johnson TV, Lin J, Ramirez SH, Bronich TK, Caplan S, Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE, Kipnis J. T cell independent mechanism for copolymer-1-induced neuroprotection. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37:3143-3154. doi 10.1002/eji.200737398
  50. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, Ford CC, Goldstein J, Lisak RP, Myers LW, Panitch HS, Rose JW, Schiffer RB, Vollmer T, Weiner LP, Wolinsky JS. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing — remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1268-1276. doi 10.1212/wnl.45.7.1268
  51. Johnson KP, Ford CC, Lisak RP, Wolinsky JS. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone): neurologic consequence of delaying glatiramer acetate therapy for multiple sclerosis: 8-year data. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;111(1):42-47. doi 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2004.00351.x
  52. Ford C, Goodman AD, Johnson K, Kachuck N, Lindsey JW, Lisak R, Luzzio C, Myers L, Panitch H, Preiningerova J, Pruitt A, Rose J, Rus H, Wolinsky J. Continuous long-term immunomodulatory therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis: results from the 15-year analysis of the US prospective open-label study of glatiramer acetate. Mult Scler. 2010;16(3):342-350. doi 10.1177/1352458509358088
  53. Comi G, Filippi M, Wolinsky JS. European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001;49(3):290-297. doi 10.1002/ana.64
  54. Wolinsky JS, Comi G, Filippi M, Ladkani D, Kadosh S, Shifroni G. Copaxone’s effect on MRI-monitored disease in relapsing MS is reproducible and sustained. Neurology. 2002;59(8):1284-1286. doi 10.1212/wnl.59.8.1284
  55. Rovaris M, Comi G, Rocca MA, Valsasina P, Ladkani D, Pieri E, Weiss S, Shifroni G, Wolinsky JS, Filippi M. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with glatiramer acetate: a multicentre, multinational extension of the European/Canadian double-blind, placebo-controlled, MRI-monitored trial. Mult Scler. 2007;13(4):502-508. doi 10.1177/1352458506070704
  56. Mikol DD, Barkhof F, Chang P, Coyle PK, Jeffery DR, Schwid SR, Stubinski B, Uitdehaag B. Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease REGARD study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(10):903-914. doi 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70200-x
  57. O’Connor P, Filippi M, Arnason B, Comi G, Cook S, Goodin D, Hartung HP, Jeffery D, Kappos L, Boateng F, Filippov V, Groth M, Knappertz V, Kraus C, Sandbrink R, Pohl C, Bogumil T. 250 microg or 500 microg interferon beta-1b versus 20 mg glatiramer acetate in relapsing — remitting multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(10):889-897. doi 10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70226-1
  58. Fox RJ, Miller DH, Phillips JT, Hutchinson M, Havrdova E, Kita M, Yang M, Raghupathi K, Novas M, Sweetser MT, Viglietta V, Dawson KT. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(12):1087-1097. doi 10.1056/nejmoa1206328
  59. Comi G, Cohen JA, Arnold DL, Wynn D, Filippi M. Phase III dose-comparison study of glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(1):75-82. doi 10.1002/ana.22316
  60. Khan O, Rieckmann P, Boyko A, Selmaj K, Zivadinov R. Three times weekly glatiramer acetate in relapsing—remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2013;73(6):705-713. doi 10.1002/ana.23938
  61. Soós N, Shakery K, Mrowietz U. Localized panniculitis and subsequent lipoatrophy with subcutaneous glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) injection for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5:357-359. doi 10.2165/00128071-200405050-00009
  62. Kasatkin DS, Spirin NN. Flu-like syndrome during therapy with interferon-beta. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2015;13(1):30-37. (In Russ.).
  63. Haas J, Firzlaff M. Twenty-four-month comparison of immunomodulatory treatments: a retrospective open label study in 308 RRMS patients treated with beta interferons or glatiramer acetate (Copaxone). Eur J Neurol. 2005;12:425-431. doi 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.00936.x
  64. Oleen-Burkey M, Cyhaniuk A, Swallow E. Retrospective US database analysis of persistence with glatiramer acetate vs available disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis: 2001—2010. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:11. doi 10.1186/1471-2377-14-11
  65. Wolinsky JS, Borresen TE, Dietrich DW, Wynn D, Sidi Y, Steinerman JR, Knappertz V, Kolodny S. GLACIER: An open-label, randomized, multicenter study to assess the safety and tolerability of glatiramer acetate 40 mg three-times weekly versus 20 mg daily in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4(4):370-376. doi 10.1016/j.msard.2015.06.005
  66. Coyle PK. Management of women with multiple sclerosis through pregnancy and after childbirth. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2016;9(3):198-210. doi 10.1177/1756285616631897
  67. Herbstritt S, Langer-Gould A, Rockhoff M, Haghikia A, Queisser-Wahrendorf A, Gold R, Hellwig K. Glatiramer acetate during early pregnancy: A prospective cohort study. Mult Scler. 2016;22(6):810-816. doi 10.1177/1352458515623366
  68. Giannini M, Portaccio E, Ghezzi A, Hakiki B, Pastò L, Razzolini L, Piscolla E, De Giglio L, Pozzilli C, Paolicelli D, Trojano M, Marrosu MG, Patti F, La Mantia L, Mancardi G, Solaro C, Totaro R, Tola MR, De Luca G, Lugaresi A, Moiola L, Martinelli V, Comi G, Amato MP. Pregnancy and fetal outcomes after glatiramer acetate exposure in patients with multiple sclerosis: a prospective observational multicentric study. BMC Neurol. 2012;12:124. doi 10.1186/1471-2377-12-124
  69. Kasatkin DS, Vinogradova TV, Shitova AS, Spirin NN. Is glatiramer acetate better for pregnancy in multiple sclerosis? Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2015;357:295-323. doi 10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.1083
  70. Hellwig K, Haghikia A, Rockhoff M, Gold R. Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: experience from a nationwide database in Germany. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2012;5:247-53. doi 10.1177/1756285612453192

Close metadata

Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.