Pharmacological treatment and prevention of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome in percutaneous coronary intervention

Semigolovskiy N.Yu.; Lobachenko I.G.; Simutis I.S.; Danilov M.S.; Yusupov E.S.; Ratnikov V.A.; Enkina T.N.; Stelyukova M.A.

doi:https://doi.org/10.17116/kardio202518021191

OBJECTIVE

To study modern strategies for pharmacological treatment and prevention of reperfusion-ischemia syndrome in percutaneous coronary intervention.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Literature data were searched in the PubMed, Google Scholar and eLibrary databases.EN in accordance with PRISMA principles (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses).

RESULTS

We found numerous strategies for treatment and prevention of reperfusion-ischemia syndrome in percutaneous coronary intervention. However, there is no a single technique ensuring absolute effectiveness. Various approaches, such as antioxidants, medications improving microcirculation and even innovative methods are actively being developed. However, their results can vary depending on characteristics of patients, degree of ischemia and other concomitant factors.

CONCLUSION

The number of clinical studies devoted to cardiac protection during percutaneous coronary intervention significantly increased in recent years. This indicates high interest of medical community in the study of reperfusion-ischemia syndrome.

Keywords:

myocardial reperfusion-ischemia syndrome

percutaneous coronary intervention

treatment

prevention

succinate-containing preparations

Authors:

Semigolovskiy N.Yu.

Sokolov North-Western District Scientific Clinical Center;
Saint Petersburg State University

ORCID: 0000-0003-4168-1853

Lobachenko I.G.

Sokolov North-Western District Scientific Clinical Center

SPIN RSCI: 5580-0699
ORCID: 0009-0007-5787-9115

Simutis I.S.

Sokolov North-Western District Scientific Clinical Center;
Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University

SPIN RSCI: 3619-2048
ORCID: 0000-0002-2537-0142

Danilov M.S.

Sokolov North-Western District Scientific Clinical Center;
Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University

SPIN RSCI: 4663-4987
ORCID: 0000-0001-5961-7433

Yusupov E.S.

Sokolov North-Western District Scientific Clinical Center

SPIN RSCI: 6632-4484
ORCID: 0000-0002-4716-0314

Ratnikov V.A.

Sokolov North-Western District Scientific Clinical Center;
Saint Petersburg State University

ORCID: 0000-0002-9645-8408

Enkina T.N.

Sokolov North-Western District Scientific Clinical Center;
Inozemtsev Academy of Medical Education

Stelyukova M.A.

Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University

ORCID: 0009-0004-3227-9031

Received:

28.01.2025

Accepted:

20.02.2025

Close metadata

References:

Kutepov DE, Zhigalova MS, Pasechnik IN. Pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion syndrome. Kazanskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2018;99(4):640-644. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17816/KMJ2018-640
Khubulava GG, et al. Minimally invasive myocardial revascularization. Grudnaya i serdechno-sosudistaya khirurgiya. 2016;58(4):207-213. (In Russ.).
Neimark, SV. Zayashnikov, OA. Kalugina, LN. Berestennikova Predictors of reperfusion syndrome secondary to ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Kazanskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2011;3. (In Russ.).
Ndrepepa G, Tiroch K, Keta D, Fusaro M, Seyfarth M, Pache J, Mehilli J, Schömig A, Kastrati A. Predictive factors and impact of no reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3(2):27-33. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.109.896225
Heusch G, Gersh BJ. The pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction and strategies of protection beyond reperfusion: a continual challenge. Eur Heart J. 201;38(11):774-784. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw224
Kakavand H, Aghakouchakzadeh M, Coons JC, Talasaz AH. Pharmacologic Prevention of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2021;77(4):430-449. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000000980
Golikov AP, Boytsov SA, Mikhin VP, Polumiskov VYu. Antioxidants — cytoprotectors in cardiology. Lechashchiy vrach. 2003;4:70-74. (In Russ.).
Mikhin VP, Savelyeva VV, Grigorieva TV. The role of cardiocytoprotectors in the treatment of ischemic chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease. Medical Academic Journal. 2006;1:7-12. (In Russ.).
Golikov AL, Polumiskov VYu, Mikhin VL, et al. Antioxidants — cytoprotectors in cardiology. Cardiovascular therapy and prevention. 2004;(6):66-74. (In Russ.).
Golikov AP, Davydov DV, Rudnev BV. New possibilities for the treatment and prevention of hypertensive crises in patients with hypertension and coronary heart disease. Kardiologiya. 2005;7:21-26. (In Russ.).
Bogoslovskaya EN, Sumin SA, Mikhin VP. Vestnik intensivnoy terapii. 2005(6):6-7.
Spasskii AA, Mikhailov Aleksei Aleksandrovich, Kharitonov A. YU. Intracoronary administration of metabolic drugs in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. Qualitative clinical practice. 2017;(3). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vnutrikoronarnoe-vvedenie-metabolicheskih-preparatov-v-lechenii-ostrogo-koronarnogo-sindroma
Pereverzev D.I., Simonova N.V., Dorovskikh V.A., Anokhina R.A. The effect of cytoflavin on the parameters of left ventricular systolic function in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Experimental and clinical pharmacology. 2017;80(1):14-17. (In Russ.).
Kovalenko AL, Chefranova ZH.YU, Kharitonova TV, Lycheva NA, Kondakova VA, Pfarger YUA, Ketlinskaya OS. The results of a clinical and experimental study of the safety and efficacy of Cytoflavin in combination with reperfusion therapy of ischemic stroke. SS. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2023;123(8):1-7. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20231230811
Nadiradze ZZ, Bakhareva YUA, Karetnikov IA. Cytoflavin as an additional method of myocardial protection during operations with artificial blood circulation. General intensive care. 2006;(3). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tsitoflavin-kak-dopolnitelnyy-metod-zaschity-miokarda-pri-operatsiyah-s-iskusstvennym-krovoobrascheniem
Sazonov IE, Lavrenteva IV, Golovina NP. The use of cytoflavin in reperfusion in ischemic stroke. SS. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2016;116(3):25-28. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20161163125-28
Ponomarev EA, Maskin SS, Strepetov NN. Intraoperative cytoprotection of the brain in carotid endarterectomy. Modern problems of science and education. 2016;2. https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=24223
Buznik GV, Shabanov PD. Pharmacotherapy of asthenic spectrum disorders in surgical patients and victims with combined injuries using succinate-containing drugs. Bulletin of the Smolensk State Medical Academy. 2020;3. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/farmakoterapiya-narusheniy-astenicheskogo-spektra-u-hirurgicheskih-patsientov-i-postradavshih-s-sochetannymi-travmami-s-pomoschyu
Shul’dyakov AA, Smagina AN, Ramazanova K.KH, Lyapina EP, Chabbarov YUR, Sheshina NA, Zhuk AA. Pathogenetic approaches to correction of the vascular link of homeostasis in COVID-19: an overview. Therapeutic archive. 2023;11. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/patogeneticheskie-podhody-k-korrektsii-sosudistogo-zvena-gomeostaza-pri-covid-19-obzor
Trofimova SA, Dubinina EE, Balunov OA, Leonova NV. In vitro study of the antioxidant and antiradical properties of cytoflavin, vinpocetine, actovegin and ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate in donors and patients with ischemic stroke. SS. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2016;116(7):46-49. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20161167146-49
Luptak I, Qin F, Sverdlov AL, Pimentel DR, Panagia M, Croteau D, Siwik DA, Bachschmid MM, He H, Balschi JA, Colucci WS. Energetic Dysfunction Is Mediated by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Precedes Structural Remodeling in Metabolic Heart Disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2019;31(7):539-549.
Brand MD, Goncalves RL, Orr AL, Vargas L, Gerencser AA, Borch Jensen M, Wang YT, Melov S, Turk CN, Matzen JT, Dardov VJ, Petrassi HM, Meeusen SL, Perevoshchikova IV, Jasper H, Brookes PS, Ainscow EK.. Suppressors of Superoxide-H2O2 Production at Site I Q of Mitochondrial Complex I Protect against Stem Cell Hyperplasia and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cell Metabolism. 2016;24(4):582-592.
Nozari Y, Eshraghi A, Talasaz AH, Bahremand M, Salamzadeh J, Salarifar M, Pourhosseini H, Jalali A, Mortazavi SH. Protection from Reperfusion Injury with Intracoronary N-Acetylcysteine in Patients with STEMI Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a Cardiac Tertiary Center. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2018;18(3):213-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-017-0258-8
de Koning ML, van Dorp P, Assa S, Hartman MH, Voskuil M, Anthonio RL, Veen D, Pundziute-Do Prado G, Leiner T, van Goor H, van der Meer P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Nijveldt R, Lipsic E, van der Harst P. Rationale and Design of the Groningen Intervention Study for the Preservation of Cardiac Function with Sodium Thiosulfate after St-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (GIPS-IV) trial. Am Heart J. 2022;243:167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2021.08.012
Karlsson JE, El-Saadi W, Ali M, Puskar W, Skogvard P, Engvall JE, Andersson RG, Maret E, Jynge P. Mangafodipir as a cardioprotective adjunct to reperfusion therapy: a feasibility study in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2015;1(1):39-45. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvu021
Tcheng JE, Gibson M, Krucoff MW, Patel MR, Ajit M, ea. SUPPORT-1 Investigators. SUPPORT-1(Subjects Undergoing PCI and Perioperative Reperfusion Treatment): A Prospective, Randomized Trial of CMX-2043 in Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2020;76(2):189-196. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000000830
Poloński L, Dec I, Wojnar R, Wilczek K. Trimetazidine limits the effects of myocardial ischaemia during percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18(7):389-396. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079902125001146
Foroughinia F, Salamzadeh J, Namazi MH. Protection from procedural myocardial injury by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): is related with lower levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and troponin I? Cardiovasc Ther. 2013;31(5):268-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-5922.12016
Lopaschuk GD, Ussher JR, Folmes CD, Jaswal EA. Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism in Health and Disease. Physiological Reviews. 2010;90:207-258. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.2009
Testa A, Frati G, Versaci F, Biondi-Zoccai G. Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Can We Stop the Curing-Hurting Paradox? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2021;77(4):427-429. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000000992
Díaz R, Goyal A, Mehta SR, Afzal R, Xavier D, Pais P, Chrolavicius S, Zhu J, Kazmi K, Liu L, Budaj A, Zubaid M, Avezum A, Ruda M, Yusuf S. Glucose-insulin-potassium therapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2007;298(20):2399-405. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.20.2399
Selker HP, Udelson JE, Massaro JM, Ruthazer ea. One-year outcomes of out-of-hospital administration of intravenous glucose, insulin, and potassium (GIK) in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes (from the IMMEDIATE Immediate Myocardial Metabolic Enhancement During Initial Assessment and Treatment in Emergency Care. Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(10):1599-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.02.010
Zhang L, Zhang L, Li YH, Zhang HY, Chen ML, Gao MM, Hu AH, Yang HS, Yang HS. High-dose glucose-insulin-potassium treatment reduces myocardial apoptosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005 Mar; 35(3):164-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01468.x
Chen WR, Chen YD, Tian F, Yang N, Cheng LQ, Hu SY, Wang J, Yang JJ, Wang SF, Gu XF. Effects of Liraglutide on Reperfusion Injury in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 Dec;9(12):e005146. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005146
Xue YZ, Wang LX, Liu HZ, Qi XW, Wang XH, Ren HZ. L-carnitine as an adjunct therapy to percutaneous coronary intervention for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2007;21(6):445-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-007-6056-9
Ke-Wu D, Xu-Bo S, Ying-Xin Z, Shi-Wei Y, et al. The effect of exogenous creatine phosphate on myocardial injury after percutaneous coronary intervention. Angiology. 2015 Feb;66(2):163-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319713515996
Iosseliani DG, Koledinsky AG, Kuchkina NV. Does intracoronary injection of phosphocreatine prevent myocardial reperfusion injury following angioplasty of infarct-related artery in acute-stage of myocardial infarction? J. Interv. Cardiol. 2004;6:10-14. https://ijic.ru/en/pdf/06E.pdf
Dawson LP, Rashid M, Dinh DT, Brennan A, Bloom JE, Biswas S, Lefkovits J, Shaw JA, Chan W, Clark DJ, Oqueli E, Hiew C, Freeman M, Taylor AJ, Reid CM, Ajani AE, Kaye DM, Mamas MA, Stub D; MIG and BCIS Investigators. No-Reflow Prediction in Acute Coronary Syndrome During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The NORPACS Risk Score. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2024;17(4):e013738. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.123.013738
Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A. Coronary No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Current Knowledge on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Clinical Impact and Therapy. J Clin Med. 2023;12(17):5592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175592
Galasso G, Schiekofer S, D’Anna C, Gioia GD, Piccolo R, Niglio T, Rosa RD, Strisciuglio T, Cirillo P, Piscione F, Trimarco B. No-reflow phenomenon: pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. A review of the current literature and future perspectives. Angiology. 2014;65(3):180-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319712474336
Karimianpour A, Maran A. Advances in coronary no-reflow phenomenon — a contemporary review. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2018;20(9):44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-018-0747-5
Kurz T, Schäfer U, Dendorfer A, Hartmann F, Raasch W, ea. Effects of intracoronary low-dose enalaprilat as an adjunct to primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(12):1351-1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(01)02112-9
Roolvink V, Ibáñez B, Ottervanger JP, et al.; EARLY-BAMI Investigators. Early intravenous beta-blockers in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction before primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2705-2715
Ibanez B, Macaya C, Sánchez-Brunete V, et al. Effect of early metoprolol on infarct size in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the Effect of Metoprolol in Cardioprotection During an Acute Myocardial Infarction (METOCARD-CNIC) trial. Circulation. 2013;128:1495-1503
Desmet W, Bogaert J, Dubois C, Sinnaeve P, Adriaenssens T, Pappas C, Ganame J, Dymarkowski S, Janssens S, Belmans A, Van de Werf F. High-dose intracoronary adenosine for myocardial salvage in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(7):867-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq492
Garcia-Dorado D, García-del-Blanco B, Otaegui I, Rodríguez-Palomares J, Pineda V, Gimeno F, Ruiz-Salmerón R, Elizaga J, Evangelista A, Fernandez-Avilés F, San-Román A, Ferreira-González I. Intracoronary injection of adenosine before reperfusion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177(3):935-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.203
Siddiqi N, Neil C, Bruce M, ea. Intravenous sodium nitrite in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled trial (NIAMI). Eur Heart J. 2014;35:1255-62
Gostishchev RV, Soboleva GN, Samko AN, Rogoza AN, Minasyan AA. Prevention of intraoperative myocardial damage as a result of pharmacological preconditioning with the oral form of the drug nicorandil in patients with stable coronary artery disease, aimed at planned PCI. Ter Archive. 2018;9:53-9. (In Russ.).
Janssens S. Nitric oxide for inhalation to reduce reperfusion injury in acute STEMI. Paper presented at: ESC Congress; Barcelona, Spain; August 30–September 3,2014. https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/NOMI-Nitric-oxide-inhalation-in-heart-attack-patients-sends-mixed-messages-bu
Kakavand, H, Saadatagah, S, Naderian, M, et al. Evaluating the role of intravenous pentoxifylline administration on primary percutaneous coronary intervention success rate in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (PENTOS-PCI). Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol. 2023;396:557-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02368-3
Kitakaze M, Asakura M, Kim J, Shintani Y, Asanuma H, Hamasaki T, Seguchi O, Myoishi M, Minamino T, Ohara T, Nagai Y, Nanto S, Watanabe K, Fukuzawa S, Hirayama A, Nakamura N, Kimura K, Fujii K, Ishihara M, Saito Y, Tomoike H, Kitamura S; J-WIND investigators. Human atrial natriuretic peptide and nicorandil as adjuncts to reperfusion treatment for acute myocardial infarction (J-WIND): two randomised trials. Lancet. 2007;370(9597):1483-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61634-1
Rossi R, Bagnacani A, Sgura F, Enrique Monopoli D, Coppi F, Talarico M, Rolando C, Boriani G. Effect on mortality of different routes of administration and loading dose of aspirin in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty. Coron Artery Dis. 2020; 31(4):348-353. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000840
Thiele H, Schindler K, Friedenberger J, Eitel I, Fürnau G, ea. Intracoronary compared with intravenous bolus abciximab application in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the randomized Leipzig immediate percutaneous coronary intervention abciximab IV versus IC in ST-elevation myocardial infarction trial. Circulation. 2008;118(1):49-57. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.747642
Westman PC, Lipinski MJ, Luger D, Waksman R, Bonow RO, Wu E, Epstein SE. Inflammation as a driver of adverse left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2050-2060
Hosseini SH, Talasaz AH, Alidoosti M, et al. Preprocedural Colchicine in Patients With Acute ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial (PodCAST-PCI). Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2022;80(4):592-599. https://doi.org/10.1097/fjc.0000000000001317
Ola Kleveland, Gabor Kunszt, Marte Bratlie, Thor Ueland, Kaspar Broch, Espen Holte, Annika E. Michelsen, Bjørn Bendz, Brage H. Amundsen, Terje Espevik, Svend Aakhus, Jan Kristian Damås, Pål Aukrust, Rune Wiseth, Lars Gullestad, Effect of a single dose of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab on inflammation and troponin T release in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. European Heart Journal. 2016;37(30):2406-2413. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw171
Hausenloy DJ, Garcia-Dorado D, Bøtker HE, Davidson SM, Downey J, ea. Novel targets and future strategies for acute cardioprotection: Position Paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2017;113(6):564-585. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvx049
Kim JS, Kim J, Choi D, Lee CJ, Lee SH, Ko YG, Hong MK, Kim BK, Oh SJ, Jeon DW, Yang JY, Cho JR, Lee NH, Cho YH, Cho DK, Jang Y. Efficacy of high-dose atorvastatin loading before primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the STATIN STEMI trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3(3):332-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2009.11.021
Post S, Post MC, van den Branden BJ, et al. Early statin treatment prior to primary PCI for acute myocardial infarction: REPERATOR, a randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;80:756-765.
Lexis CP, van der Horst IC, Lipsic E, Wieringa WG, de Boer RA, ea. GIPS-III Investigators. Effect of metformin on left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction in patients without diabetes: the GIPS-III randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;3111(15):1526-35. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3315
Lønborg J, Vejlstrup N, Kelbæk H, Bøtker HE, Kim WY, Mathiasen AB, Jørgensen E, Helqvist S, Saunamäki K, Clemmensen P, Holmvang L, Thuesen L, Krusell LR, Jensen JS, Køber L, Treiman M, Holst JJ, Engstrøm T. Exenatide reduces reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(12):1491-1499. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr309
Woo JS, Kim W, Ha SJ, Kim JB, Kim SJ, Kim WS, Seon HJ, Kim KS. Cardioprotective effects of exenatide in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results of exenatide myocardial protection in revascularization study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33(9):2252-60. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.301586
Kyhl K, Lønborg J, Vejlstrup N, Kelbæk H, Helqvist S, Holmvang L, Jørgensen E, Saunamäki K, Bøtker HE, Clemmensen P, Køber L, Treiman M, Engstrøm T. A post hoc analysis of long-term prognosis after exenatide treatment in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. EuroIntervention. 2016;12(4):449-455. https://doi.org/10.4244/EIJV12I4A78
Ekeløf SV, Halladin NL, Jensen SE, Zaremba T, Aarøe J, Kjærgaard B, Simonsen CW, Rosenberg J, Gögenur I. Effects of intracoronary melatonin on ischemia-reperfusion injury in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Heart Vessels. 2016;31(1):88-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-014-0589-1
Ekeloef S, Halladin N, Fonnes S, Jensen SE, Zaremba T, Rosenberg J, Jonsson G, Aarøe J, Gasbjerg LS, Rosenkilde MM, Gögenur I. Effect of Intracoronary and Intravenous Melatonin on Myocardial Salvage Index in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2017;10(5-6):470-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-017-9768-7
Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P, de la Torre-Hernandez JM, Consuegra-Sanchez L. Usefulness of Early Treatment With Melatonin to Reduce Infarct Size in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Receiving Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (From the Melatonin Adjunct in the Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Angioplasty Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(4):522-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.05.018
Atar D, Arheden H, Berdeaux A, Bonnet JL, Carlsson M, Clemmensen P, ea. Effect of intravenous TRO40303 as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: MITOCARE study results. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(2):112-119. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu331
Tardif JC, Tanguay JF, Wright SR, Duchatelle V, Petroni T, ea. Effects of the P-selectin antagonist inclacumab on myocardial damage after percutaneous coronary intervention for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the SELECT-ACS trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(20):2048-2055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.003
Gwag HB, Kim EK, Park TK, Lee JM, ea. Cardioprotective Effects of Intracoronary Morphine in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Prospective, Randomized Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(4):e005426. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.005426
Tsujita K, Shimomura H, Kawano H, Hokamaki J, Fukuda M, Yamashita T, Hida S, Nakamura Y, Nagayoshi Y, Sakamoto T, Yoshimura M, Arai H, Ogawa H. Effects of edaravone on reperfusion injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(4):481-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.05.007
Hausenloy DJ, Garcia-Dorado D, Bøtker HE, Davidson SM, Downey J, ea. Novel targets and future strategies for acute cardioprotection: Position Paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2017;113(6):564-585. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvx049