The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Kamaev A.A.

Ryazan State Medical University

Bulatov V.L.

Institute of Experimental Medicine

Vakhratyan P.E.

Volkov A.M.

Kirov Military Medical Academy

Volkov A.S.

Joint Hospital and Polyclinic of Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation;
VALLEX-MED Preventive Medicine Clinic

Gavrilov E.K.

Kirov Military Medical Academy

Golovina V.I.

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Efremova O.I.

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Ivanov O.O.

Novokuznetsk State Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians — Branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia

Ilyukhin E.A.

Surgical clinic Medalp

Katorkin S.E.

Samara State Medical University

Konchugova T.V.

National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology

Kravtsov P.F.

Maksimov S.V.

Mzhavanadze N.D.

Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University

Pikhanova Zh.M.

Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University

Pryadko S.I.

Smirnov A.A.

National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine

Sushkov S.A.

Chabbarov R.G.

«Omega Clinic» LLC

Shimanko A.I.

Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry

Yakushkin S.N.

Aphanova T.V.

National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology

Derkachev S.N.

Zolotukhin I.A.

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Kalinin R.E.

Ryazan State Medical University

Kirienko A.I.

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Kulchitskaya D.B.

National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology

Pelevin A.V.

Petrikov A.S.

Altai State Medical University;
Diagnostic Center of Altai Territory

Rachin A.P.

National Research Medical Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology

Seliverstov E.I.

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Stoyko Yu.M.

N.I. Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center

Suchkov I.A.

Ryazan State Medical University

Varicose Veins

Authors:

Kamaev A.A., Bulatov V.L., Vakhratyan P.E., Volkov A.M., Volkov A.S., Gavrilov E.K., Golovina V.I., Efremova O.I., Ivanov O.O., Ilyukhin E.A., Katorkin S.E., Konchugova T.V., Kravtsov P.F., Maksimov S.V., Mzhavanadze N.D., Pikhanova Zh.M., Pryadko S.I., Smirnov A.A., Sushkov S.A., Chabbarov R.G., Shimanko A.I., Yakushkin S.N., Aphanova T.V., Derkachev S.N., Zolotukhin I.A., Kalinin R.E., Kirienko A.I., Kulchitskaya D.B., Pelevin A.V., Petrikov A.S., Rachin A.P., Seliverstov E.I., Stoyko Yu.M., Suchkov I.A.

More about the authors

Journal: Journal of Venous Disorders. 2022;16(1): 41‑108

Read: 17241 times


To cite this article:

Kamaev AA, Bulatov VL, Vakhratyan PE, et al. . Varicose Veins. Journal of Venous Disorders. 2022;16(1):41‑108. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo20221601141

Recommended articles:
Difficulties in life­time diagnosis of Creutzfeldt—Jakob disease. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(11):19-27
Black Acanthosis: Diagnosis and Treatment Issues. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2024;(6):709-712
Clinical case of auri­cular gouty tophi. Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2024;(6):80-84
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome as a predictor of atrial fibrillation. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2025;(1):109-114

References:

  1. Jin Y, Xu G, Huang J, Zhou D, Huang X, Shen L. Analysis of the association between an insertion/deletion polymorphism within the 3′ untranslated region of COL1A2 and chronic venous insufficiency. Ann Vasc Surg Elsevier Inc. 2013;27(7):959-963. 
  2. Shadrina A, Tsepilov Y, Sokolova E, Smetanina M, Voronina E, Pakhomov E, Sevost’ianova K, Shevela A, Ilyukhin E, Seliverstov E, Zolotukhin I, Filipenko M. Genome-wide association study in ethnic Russians suggests an association of the MHC class III genomic region with the risk of primary varicose veins. Gene. 2018;659:0378-1119.
  3. Hoţoleanui C, Jurj C. The involvement of genetic factors in chronic venous insufficiency. Rom J Intern Med. 2008;46(2):119-123. 
  4. Bharath V, Kahn SR, Lazo-Langner A. Genetic polymorphisms of vein wall remodeling in chronic venous disease: A narrative and systematic review. Blood. American Society of Hematology. 2014;124(8):1242-1250.
  5. Lim CS, Davies AH. Pathogenesis of primary varicose veins. Br J Surg John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2009;96(11):1231-1242.
  6. Ng MYM, Andrew T, Spector TD, Jeffery S. Linkage to the FOXC2 region of chromosome 16 for varicose veins in otherwise healthy, unselected siblings pairs. J Med Genet. 2005;42(3):235-239. 
  7. Surendran S, Girijamma A, Nair R, Ramegowda KS, Nair DH, Thulaseedharan JV, Lakkappa RB, Kamalapurkar G, Kartha CC. Forkhead box C2promoter variant c<512C.T is associated with increased susceptibility to chronic venous diseases. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e90682.
  8. Mellor RH, Brice G, Stanton AWB, French J, Smith A, Jeffery S, Levick JR, Burnand KG, Mortimer PS. Mutations in FOXC2 are strongly associated with primary valve failure in veins of the lower limb. Circulation. 2007;115(14):1912-1920.
  9. Al-Batayneh KM, Al Battah RM. Genetic variation in the proximal 5′ UTR of FOXC2 gene in varicose veins and hemorrhoids patients. Int J Integr Biol. 2008;4(2):78-80. 
  10. Shadrina AS, Zolotukhin IA, Filipenko ML. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Varicose Veins of Low Extremities. Flebologiia. 2017;11(2):71.  https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo201711271-75
  11. Shadrina AS, Smetanina MA, Sokolova EA, Sevost’ianova KS, Shevela AI, Demekhova MY, Shonov OA, Ilyukhin EA, Voronina EN, Zolotukhin IA, Kirienko AI, Filipenko ML. Association of polymorphisms near the FOXC2 gene with the risk of varicose veins in ethnic Russians. Phlebol J Venous Dis. 2016;31(9):640-648. 
  12. Markovic JN, Shortell CK. Genomics of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency. Semin Vasc Surg. 2013;26(1):2-13. 
  13. Cai G, Zhang B, Weng W, Shi G, Huang Z. The associations between the MCP-1 -2518 A/G polymorphism and ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of 28 research studies involving 21,524 individuals. Mol Biol Rep. 2015;42(5):997-1012.
  14. Bergan J. Molecular Mechanisms in Chronic Venous Insufficiency. Ann Vasc Surg. 2007;21(3):260-266. 
  15. Pascarella L, Schönbein GWS, Bergan JJ. Microcirculation and venous ulcers: A review. Ann Vasc Surg. 2005;19(6):921-927. 
  16. Fitts MK, Pike DB, Anderson K, Shiu Y-T. Hemodynamic Shear Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Access. Open Urol Nephrol J. 2014;7(1):33-44. 
  17. Anwar MA, Shalhoub J, Lim CS, Gohel MS, Davies AH. The Effect of Pressure-Induced Mechanical Stretch on Vascular Wall Differential Gene Expression. J Vasc Res. 2012;49(6):463-478. 
  18. Perrin M, Ramelet AA. Pharmacological Treatment of Primary Chronic Venous Disease: Rationale, Results and Unanswered Questions. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;41(1):117-125. 
  19. Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Coleridge Smith PD, Nicolaides AN, Boisseau MR, Eklof B. Chronic venous disease. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2007;55(4):459-476. 
  20. Nicolaides AN. Chronic venous disease and the leukocyte-endothelium interaction: From symptoms to ulceration. Angiology. 2005;56(suppl 1):11-19. 
  21. Pocock ES, Alsaigh T, Mazor R, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Cellular and molecular basis of Venous insufficiency. Vasc Cell. 2014;6(1):24. 
  22. Bergan JJ, Pascarella L, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Pathogenesis of primary chronic venous disease: Insights from animal models of venous hypertension. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(1):183-192. 
  23. Ojdana D, Safiejko K, Lipska A, Sacha P, Wieczorek P, Radziwon P, Dadan J, Tryniszewska E. The inflammatory reaction during chronic venous disease of lower limbs. Folia Histochem. 2009;47(2):185-189. 
  24. Sushkou SA, Samsonava IV, Galishevich MM. Expression of the proinflammatory marker CD34 in varicose leg veins. Phlebologie. 2015;44(1):19-23. 
  25. Akar İ, İnce İ, Aslan C, Benli İ, Demir O, Altındeger N, Dogan A, Ceber M. Oxidative Stress And Prolidase Enzyme Activity In The Pathogenesis Of Primary Varicose Veins. Vascular. 2018;26(3):315-321. 
  26. Lim C, Shalhoub J, Gohel M, Shepherd A, Davies A. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Vascular Disease — A Potential Therapeutic Target? Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2010;8(1):75-85. 
  27. Raffetto J, Khalil R. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Venous Tissue Remodeling and Varicose Vein Formation. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2008;6(3):158-172. 
  28. Raffetto JD. Dermal pathology, cellular biology, and inflammation in chronic venous disease. Thromb Res. 2009;123(suppl 4):66-71. 
  29. Mironiuc A, Palcau L, Andercou O, Rogojan L, Todoran M, Gordan G. Clinico-histopathological correlations of venous wall modifications in chronic venous insufficiency. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2008;103(3):309-312. 
  30. Janowski K, Sopiński M, Topol M. Changes in the wall of the great saphenous vein at consecutive stages in patients suffering from chronic vein disease of the lower limbs. Folia Morphol. 2007;66(3):185-189. 
  31. Somers P, Knaapen M. The histopathology of varicose vein disease. Angiology. 2006;57(5):546-555. 
  32. Aunapuu M, Arend A. Histopathological changes and expression of adhesion molecules and laminin in varicose veins. VASA. 2005;34(3):170-175. 
  33. Elsharawy MA, Naim MM, Abdelmaguid EM, Al-Mulhim AA. Role of saphenous vein wall in the pathogenesis of primary varicose veins. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2007;6(2):219-224. 
  34. Renno WM, Saleh F, Wali M. A journey across the wall of varicose veins: What physicians do not often see with the naked eye. Med Princ Pract. 2005;15(1):9-23. 
  35. Knaapen MWM, Somers P, Bortier H, De Meyer GRY, Kockx MM. Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy in varicose veins is associated with expression of estrogen receptor-β. J Vasc Res. 2005;42(1):8-12. 
  36. Stücker M, Krey T, Röchling A, Schultz-Ehrenburg U, Altmeyer P. The histomorphologic changes at the saphenofemoral junction in varicosis of the greater saphenous vein. Vasa — J Vasc Dis. 2000;29(1):41-46. 
  37. Xiao Y, Huang Z, Yin H, Lin Y, Wang S. In vitro differences between smooth muscle cells derived from varicose veins and normal veins. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50(5):1149-1154.
  38. Pascual G, Mendieta C, Mecham RP, Sommer P, Bellón JM, Buján J. Down-regulation of lysyl oxydase-like in aging and venous insufficiency. Histol Histopathol. 2008;23(2):179-186. 
  39. Jeanneret C, Baldi T, Hailemariam S, Koella C, Gewaltig J, Biedermann BC. Selective loss of extracellular matrix proteins is linked to biophysical properties of varicose veins assessed by ultrasonography. Br J Surg. 2007;94(4):449-456. 
  40. Haviarova Z, Janega P, Durdik S, Kovac P, Mraz P, Stvrtinova V. Comparison of collagen subtype I and III presence in varicose and non-varicose vein walls. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2008;109(3):102-105. 
  41. Sansilvestri-Morel P, Rupin A, Jullien ND, Lembrez N, Mestries-Dubois P, Fabiani JN, Verbeuren TJ. Decreased production of collagen type III in cultured smooth muscle cells from varicose vein patients is due to a degradation by MMPs: Possible implication of MMP-3. J Vasc Res. 2005;42(5):388-398. 
  42. Wali MA, Eid RA. Smooth muscle changes in varicose veins: An ultrastructural study. J Smooth Muscle Res. 2001;37(5-6):123-135. 
  43. Ducasse E, Giannakakis K, Chevalier J, Dasnoy D, Puppinck P, Speziale F, Fiorani P, Faraggiana T. Dysregulated apoptosis in primary varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;29(3):316-323. 
  44. Sansilvestri-Morel P, Fioretti F, Rupin A, Senni K, Fabiani JN, Godeau G, Verbeuren TJ. Comparison of extracellular matrix in skin and saphenous veins from patients with varicose veins: Does the skin reflect venous matrix changes? Clin Sci. 2007;112(3-4):229-239. 
  45. de Mello Porciunculla M, Braga Diamante Leiderman D, Altenfeder R, Siqueira Barbosa Pereira C, Fioranelli A, Wolosker N, Castelli V. Clinical, ultrasonographic and histological findings in varicose vein surgery. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2018;64(8):729-735. 
  46. Serralheiro P, Soares A, Almeida CMC, Verde I. TGF-β1 in vascularwall pathology: Unraveling chronic venous insufficiency pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(12):2534.
  47. Peschen M, Lahaye T, Hennig B, Weyl A, Simon JC, Vanscheidt W. Expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, LFA-1 and VLA-4 in the skin is modulated in progressing stages of chronic venous insufficiency. Acta Derm Venereol. 1999;79(1):27-32. 
  48. Broszczak DA, Sydes ER, Wallace D, Parker TJ. Molecular Aspects of Wound Healing and the Rise of Venous Leg Ulceration: Omics Approaches to Enhance Knowledge and Aid Diagnostic Discovery. Clin Biochem Rev. 2017;38(1):35-55. 
  49. Kim B-C, Kim HT, Park SH, Cha J-S, Yufit T, Kim S-J, Falanga V. Fibroblasts from chronic wounds show altered TGF-beta-signaling and decreased TGF-beta Type II receptor expression. J Cell Physiol. 2003;195(3):331-336. 
  50. Yasim A, Kilinc M. Serum concentration of procoagulant, endothelial and oxidative stress markers in early primary varicose veins. Phlebology. 2008;23(1):15-20. 
  51. Stanley AC, Park HY, Phillips TJ, Russakovsky V, Menzoian JO, Kent KC, Schanzer H, Golden MA, Sidawy AN, Friedman SG. Reduced growth of dermal fibroblasts from chronic venous ulcers can be stimulated with growth factors. J Vasc Surg. 1997;26(6):994-1001.
  52. Kim I, Moon SO, Kim SH, Kim HJ, Koh YS, Koh GY. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin through nuclear factor-kappa B activation in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(10):7614-7620.
  53. Bates DO, Harper SJ. Regulation of vascular permeability by vascular endothelial growth factors. Vascul Pharmacol. 2002;39(4-5):225-237. 
  54. Hosoi Y, Zukowski A, Kakkos SK, Nicolaides AN. Ambulatory venous pressure measurements: new parameters derived from a mathematic hemodynamic model. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36(1):137-142. 
  55. Rabe E, Guex J, Puskas A, Scuderi A, Fernandez Quesada F, Coordinators V. Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders in geographically diverse populations: results from the Vein Consult Program. Int Angiol. 2012;2:105-115. 
  56. Criqui M, Jamosmos M, Fronek A, Denenberg J, Langer R, Bergan J, Golomb B. Chronic Venous Disease in an Ethnically Diverse Population: The San Diego Population Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(5):448-456. 
  57. Vin F, Allaert FA, Levardon M. Influence of Estrogens and Progesterone on the Venous System of the Lower Limbs in Women. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992;18(10):888-892. 
  58. Zolotukhin IA, Seliverstov EI, Shevtsov YN, Avakiants IP, Nikishkov AS, Tatarintsev AM, Kirienko AI. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Chronic Venous Disease in the General Russian Population. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;54(6):752-758. 
  59. Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME, Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, de Dios Luna J, Moreno-Lorenzo C, Del Pozo E. Evaluation of pain associated with chronic venous insufficiency in Spanish postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2015;22(1):88-95. 
  60. Beebe-dimmer JL, Pfeifer JR, Engle JS, Schottenfeld D. The Epidemiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Varicose Veins. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15:175-184. 
  61. Dzieciuchowicz Ł, Krasiński Z, Motowidlo K, Gabriel M. The aetiology and influence of age and gender on the development of advanced chronic venous insufficiency in the population of patients of semi-urban county outpatient vascular clinic in Poland. Phlebology. 2011;26(2):56-61. 
  62. Krajcar J, Radaković B, Stefanić L. Pathophysiology of venous insufficiency during pregnancy. Acta Med Croatica. 1998;52(1):65-69. 
  63. Ropacka-Lesiak M, Kasperczak J, Breborowicz GH. Risk factors for the development of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs during pregnancy — part 1. Ginekol Pol. 2012;83(12):939-942. 
  64. Sisto T, Reunanen A, Laurikka J, Impivaara O, Heliövaara M, Knekt P, Aromaa A. Prevalence and risk factors of varicose veins in lower extremities: mini-Finland health survey. Eur J Surg. 1995 Jun;161(6):405-14. PMID: 7548376. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7548376/
  65. Iannuzzi A, Panico S, Ciardullo AV, Bellati C, Cioffi V, Iannuzzo G, Celentano E, Berrino F, Rubba P. Varicose veins of the lower limbs and venous capacitance in postmenopausal women: Relationship with obesity. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36(5):965-968. 
  66. Vlajinac HD, Marinkovic JM, Maksimovic MZ, Matic PA, Radak DJ. Body mass index and primary chronic venous disease--a cross-sectional study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;45(3):293-298. 
  67. Scott TE, LaMorte WW, Gorin DR, Menzoian JO. Risk factors for chronic venous insufficiency: a dual case-control study. J Vasc Surg. 1995;22(5):622-628. 
  68. Hirai M, Naiki K, Nakayama R. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Varicose Veins in Japanese Women. Angiology. 1990;41(3):228-232. 
  69. Saveliev VS, Kirienko AI, Zolotukhin IA, Seliverstov EI. Prospective observational study SPEKTR: registry of patients with chronic vein diseases of the lower extremities. Phlebology. 2012;6(1):4-9. (In Russ.).
  70. Mazayshvili KV, Chen VI. Prevalence of chronic diseases of the lower limb veins in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Phlebology. 2008;4:52-54. (In Russ.).
  71. Kirienko AI, Bogachev Vlu, Gavrilov SG, Zolotukhin IA, Golovanova OV, Zhuravleva OV. B.A. Chronic diseases of lower extremity veins in industrial workers of Moscow (results of the epidemiological survey). Angiol Sosud Khir. 1995;10(1):77-86. 
  72. Lurie F, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(3):342-352. 
  73. Nicolaides A, Kakkos S, Eklof B, Perrin M, Nelzen O, Neglen P, Partsch H, Rybak Z. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs — guidelines according to scientific evidence. Int Angiol. 2014;33(2):87-208. 
  74. Gloviczki P. Handbook of Venous Disorders Guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 3rd ed. Hodder Arnold Publishers; 2009.
  75. Writing Committee, et al. Editor’s Choice — Management of Chronic Venous Disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(6):678-737. 
  76. Rabe E, Pannier F. Clinical, Aetiological, Anatomical and Pathological Classification (Ceap): Gold Standard and Limits. Phlebology. 2012;27(1 suppl):114-118. 
  77. Kirienko AI, et al. Russian Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnostics and Treatment of Chronic Venous Diseases. Flebologiia. 2018;12(3):146.  https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo20187031146
  78. Gloviczki P, Comerota AJ, Dalsing MC, Eklof BG, Gillespie DL, Gloviczki ML, Lohr JM, McLafferty RB, Meissner MH, Murad MH, Padberg FT, Pappas PJ, Passman MA, Raffetto JD, Vasquez MA, Wakefield TW. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: Clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(5 suppl):2-48. 
  79. Perrin M, et al. Venous symptoms: the SYM Vein Consensus statement developed under the auspices of the European Venous Forum. Int Angiol. 2016;35(4):374-398. 
  80. Carpentier PH, Poulain C, Fabry R, Chleir F, Guias B, Bettarel-Binon C. Ascribing leg symptoms to chronic venous disorders: the construction of a diagnostic score. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(5):991-996. 
  81. Cronenwett JL, Johnston KW. Patient Clinical Evaluation. Rutherford’s Vasc. Surg. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2014.
  82. Langer RD, Ho E, Denenberg JO, Fronek A, Allison M, Criqui M, Ho E, Denenberg J. Relationships between symptoms and venous disease: the San Diego population study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(12):1420-1424.
  83. LePage PA, Villavicencio JL, Gomez ER, Sheridan MN, Rich NM. The valvular anatomy of the iliac venous system and its clinical implications. J Vasc Surg. 1991;14(5):678-683. 
  84. Bradbury A, Ruckley C. Clinical presentation and assessment of patients with venous disease. Handb. venous Disord. Guidel. Am. Venous Forum. 3rd ed. London; 2009.
  85. Hoffmann W, Toonder I, Wittens C. Value of the Trendelenburg tourniquet test in the assessment of primary varicose veins. Phlebology. 2004;19:77-80. 
  86. Coleridge-Smith P, Labropoulos N, Partsch H, Myers K, Nicolaides A, Cavezzi A. Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs — UIP consensus document. Part I. Basic principles. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31(1):83-92. 
  87. Cavezzi A, Labropoulos N, Partsch H, Ricci S, Caggiati A, Myers K, Nicolaides A, Smith PC. Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs — UIP consensus document. Part II. Anatomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31(3):288-299. 
  88. Baker SR, Burnand KG, Sommerville KM, Thomas ML, Wilson NM, Browse NL. Comparison of venous reflux assessed by duplex scanning and descending phlebography in chronic venous disease. Lancet. 1993;341(8842):400-403. 
  89. Magnusson M, Kalebo P, Lukes P, Sivertsson R, Risberg B. Colour Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing venous insufficiency. A comparison to descending phlebography. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1995;9:437-443. 
  90. Baldt MM, Böhler K, Zontsich T, Bankier AA, Breitenseher M, Schneider B, Mostbeck GH. Preoperative imaging of lower extremity varicose veins: color coded duplex sonography or venography. J Ultrasound Med. 1996;15(2):143-154. 
  91. Meyer T, Cavallaro A, Lang W. Duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of incompetent Cockett veins. Eur J Ultrasound. 2000;11(3):175-180. 
  92. Blomgren L, Johansson G, Bergqvist D. Randomized clinical trial of routine preoperative duplex imaging before varicose vein surgery. Br J Surg. 2005;92(6):688-694. 
  93. Abai B, Labropoulos N. Duplex ultrasound scanning for chronic venous obstruction and valvular incompetence. Handb. venous Disord. Guidel. Am. Venous Forum. 3rd ed./ed. Gloviczki P. London; 2009.
  94. McMullin GM, Coleridge Smith PD. An evaluation of Doppler ultrasound and photoplethysmography in the investigation of venous insufficiency. Aust N Z J Surg. 1992;62(4):270-275. 
  95. Markel A, Meissner MH, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE. A comparison of the cuff deflation method with Valsalva’s maneuver and limb compression in detecting venous valvular reflux. Arch Surg. 1994;129(7):701-705. 
  96. van Bemmelen PS, Bedford G, Beach K, Strandness DE. Quantitative segmental evaluation of venous valvular reflux with duplex ultrasound scanning. J Vasc Surg. 1989;10(4):425-431. 
  97. Desk R, Williams L, Health K. Investigation of Chronic Venous Insufficiency: A Consensus Statement A. N. Nicolaides. Circulation. 2000;102:126-163. 
  98. Labropoulos N, Mansour M, Kang S, Gloviczki P, Baker W. New Insights into Perforator Vein Incompetence. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1999;18(3):228-234. 
  99. Churikov DA, Kirienko AI. Ultrasound diagnostics of vein diseases. 2nd edition. Litterra; 2016. (In Russ.).
  100. Vasiliev AY, Postnova NA, Dibirov MD. Guidelines for ultrasound phlebology. MIA; 2007. (In Russ.).
  101. Labropoulos N, Tiongson J, Pryor L, Tassiopoulos AK, Kang SS, Mansour MA, Baker WH. Definition of venous reflux in lower-extremity veins. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38(4):793-798. 
  102. DePalma RG, Hart MT, Zanin L, Massarin EH. Phyical examination, Doppler ultrasound and colour flow duplex scanning: guides to therapy for primary varicose veins. Phlebology. 1993;8:7-11. 
  103. Rautio T, Perälä J, Biancari F, Wiik H, Ohtonen P, Haukipuro K, Juvonen T. Accuracy of hand-held Doppler in planning the operation for primary varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002;24(5):450-455. 
  104. Rutherford RB, Padberg FT, Comerota AJ, Kistner RL, Meissner MH, Moneta GL. Venous severity scoring: An adjunct to venous outcome assessment. J Vasc Surg. 2000;31(6):1307-1312.
  105. Vasquez MA, Rabe E, Mclafferty RB, Shortell CK, Marston WA, Gillespie D, Meissner MH, Rutherford RB, Hill C. Revision of the venous clinical severity score: venous outcomes consensus statement: special communication of the American Venous Forum Ad Hoc Outcomes Working Group. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(5):1387-1396.
  106. Ware JEJ, Gandek B. Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11):903-912. 
  107. Launois R, Mansilha A, Jantet G. International psychometric validation of the Chronic Venous Disease quality of life Questionnaire (CIVIQ-20). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;40(6):783-789. 
  108. Rabe E, Partsch H, Morrison N, Meissner MH, Mosti G, Lattimer CR, Carpentier PH, Gaillard S, Jünger M, Urbanek T, Hafner J, Patel M, Wu S, Caprini J, Lurie F, Hirsch T. Risks and contraindications of medical compression treatment — A critical reappraisal. An international consensus statement. Phlebology. 2020;35(7):447-460. 
  109. Franks PJ, Moffatt CJ, Connolly M, Bosanquet N, Oldroyd MI, Greenhalgh RM, McCollum CN. Factors associated with healing leg ulceration with high compression. Age Ageing. 1995;24(5):407-410. 
  110. Carpentier PH, Becker F, Thiney G, Poensin D, Satger B. Acceptability and practicability of elastic compression stockings in the elderly: a randomized controlled evaluation. Phlebology. 2011;26(3):107-113. 
  111. Sippel K, Seifert B, Hafner J. Donning devices (foot slips and frames) enable elderly people with severe chronic venous insufficiency to put on compression stockings. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(2):221-229. 
  112. Palfreyman SJ, Michaels JA. A systematic review of compression hosiery for uncomplicated varicose veins. Phlebology. 2009;24(suppl 1):13-33. 
  113. Partsch H, Flour M, Smith PC. Indications for compression therapy in venous and lymphatic disease consensus based on experimental data and scientific evidence. Under the auspices of the IUP. Int Angiol. 2008;27(3):193-219. 
  114. Rabe E, Partsch H, Jünger M, Abel M, Achhammer I, Becker F, Cornu-Thenard A, Flour M, Hutchinson J, Ißberner K, Moffatt C, Pannier F. Guidelines for Clinical Studies with Compression Devices in Patients with Venous Disorders of the Lower Limb. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35(4):494-500. 
  115. Shingler S, Robertson L, Boghossian S, Stewart M. Compression stockings for the initial treatment of varicose veins in patients without venous ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;12:CD008819.
  116. Vayssairat M, Ziani E, Houot B. Placebo controlled efficacy of class 1 elastic stockings in chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs [Article in French]. J Mal Vasc. 2000;25(4):256-262. 
  117. Benigni JP, Sadoun S, Allaert FA, Vin F. Efficacy of Class 1 elastic compression stockings in the early stages of chronic venous disease. A comparative study. Int Angiol. 2003;22(4):383-392. 
  118. Angiology D, Consulting A. Compression hosiery for occupational leg symptoms and leg volume: a randomized crossover trial in a cohort of hairdressers. 2012. No. March:1-9. 
  119. Blazek C, Amsler F, Blaettler W, Keo HH, Baumgartner I, Willenberg T. Compression hosiery for occupational leg symptoms and leg volume: a randomized crossover trial in a cohort of hairdressers. Phlebology. 2013 Aug;28(5):239-47. Epub 2013 May 6. PMID: 22451457. https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011108
  120. Schul MW, Eaton T, Erdman B. Compression versus sclerotherapy for patients with isolated refluxing reticular veins and telangiectasia: a randomized trial comparing quality-of-life outcomes. Phlebology. 2011;26(4):148-156. 
  121. Rabe E, Partsch H, Hafner J, Lattimer C, Mosti G, Neumann M, Urbanek T, Huebner M, Gaillard S, Carpentier P. Indications for medical compression stockings in venous and lymphatic disorders: An evidence-based consensus statement. Phlebology. 2018;33(3):163-184. 
  122. Biswas S, Clark A, Shields DA. Randomised Clinical Trial of the Duration of Compression Therapy after Varicose Vein Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33(5):631-637. 
  123. Huang T-W, Chen S-L, Bai C-H, Wu C-H, Tam K-W. The Optimal Duration of Compression Therapy Following Varicose Vein Surgery: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;45(4):397-402. 
  124. Shouler PJ, Runchman PC. Varicose veins: optimum compression after surgery and sclerotherapy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1989;71(6):402-404. 
  125. Bond R, Whyman MR, Wilkins DC, Walker AJ, Ashlez S. A randomized trial of different compression dressings following varicose veins surgery. Phlebology. 1999;14:9-11. 
  126. Bakker NA, Schieven LW, Bruins RMG, van den Berg M, Hissink RJ. Compression Stockings after Endovenous Laser Ablation of the Great Saphenous Vein: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;46(5):588-592. 
  127. Krasznai AG, Sigterman TA, Troquay S, Houtermans-Auckel JP, Snoeijs M, Rensma HG, Sikkink C, Bouwman LH. A randomised controlled trial comparing compression therapy after radiofrequency ablation for primary great saphenous vein incompetence. Phlebology. 2016;31(2):118-124. 
  128. Bootun R, Belramman A, Bolton-Saghdaoui L, Lane TRA, Riga C, Davies AH. Randomized Controlled Trial of Compression After Endovenous Thermal Ablation of Varicose Veins (COMETA Trial). Ann Surg. 2021;273(2):232-239. 
  129. O’Hare JL, Stephens J, Parkin D, Earnshaw JJ. Randomized clinical trial of different bandage regimens after foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2010;97(5):650-656. 
  130. Smyth RMD, Aflaifel N, Bamigboye AA. Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015:10. 
  131. Thaler E, Huch R, Huch A, Zimmermann R. Compression stockings prophylaxis of emergent varicose veins in pregnancy: a prospective randomised controlled study. Swiss Med Wkly. 2001;131(45-46):659-662. 
  132. Clarke M, Hopewell S, Juszczak E, Eisinga A, Kjeldstrøm M. Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;9:50. 
  133. tate Register of Medicines [Electronic resource]
  134. Martinez-Zapata MJ, Vernooij RW, Simancas-Racines D, Uriona Tuma SM, Stein AT, Moreno Carriles RMM, Vargas E, Bonfill Cosp X. Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2020;11:CD003229.
  135. Ibáñez L, Ballarín E, Vidal X, Laporte JR. Agranulocytosis associated with calcium dobesilate clinical course and risk estimation with the case-control and the case-population approaches. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56(9-10):763-767. 
  136. Ibáñez L, Vidal X, Ballarín E, Laporte J-R. Population-based drug-induced agranulocytosis. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(8):869-874. 
  137. Kakkos SK, Nicolaides AN. Efficacy of micronized purified flavonoid fraction (Daflon) on improving individual symptoms, signs and quality of life in patients with chronic venous disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Int Angiol. 2018;37(2):143-154. 
  138. Bush R, Comerota A, Meissner M, Raffetto JD, Hahn SR, Freeman K. Recommendations for the medical management of chronic venous disease: The role of Micronized Purified Flavanoid Fraction (MPFF). Phlebology. 2017;32(1 suppl):3-19. 
  139. Jantet G. Chronic venous insufficiency: worldwide results of the RELIEF study. Reflux assEssment and quaLity of lIfe improvEment with micronized Flavonoids. Angiology. 2002;53(3):245-256. 
  140. Bignamini AA, Matuška J. Sulodexide for the Symptoms and Signs of Chronic Venous Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv Ther. 2020;37(3):1013-1033.
  141. Ilyukhin EA, Abramova SA, Verbitsky NS, Voronin MS, Gerasimova DE, Kamardin FI, Kostromitin NE, Nurtdinov AR, Skorobogatov OA, Stoyko YM. Multiple-center prospective observational trial on assessment of the compliance of patients with chronic venous insufficiency to sulodexide therapy in routine outpatient practice Allegro. Flebologiya. 2020;14(2):74-82.  https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo20201402174
  142. Ilyukhin EA. Effectiveness of the oral form of sulodexide in the allegro observational trial. Flebologiya. 2020;14(2):113-121.  https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo202014021113
  143. Ilyukhin EA. Oral form of sulodexide for varicose veins with chronic venous insufficiency: Data of the allegro observational trial. Flebologiya. 2020;14(4):304-310.  https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo202014041304
  144. Azhdari M, Zilaee M, Karandish M, Hosseini SA, Mansoori A, Zendehdel M, Khodarahpour S. Red vine leaf extract (AS 195) can improve some signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, a systematic review. Phytother Res. 2020;34(10):2577-2585.
  145. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2012.
  146. Allaert FA. Meta-analysis of the impact of the principal venoactive drugs agents on malleolar venous edema. Int Angiol. 2012;31(4):310-315. 
  147. Coleridge-Smith P, Lok C, Ramelet AA. Venous leg ulcer: A meta-analysis of adjunctive therapy with micronized purified flavonoid fraction. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;30(2):198-208. 
  148. Wu B, Lu J, Yang M, Xu T. Sulodexide for treating venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016:6. 
  149. Handbook of venous and lymphatic disorders: guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 4th ed./ed. Gloviczki P. CRC Press, 2017;866. 
  150. Mansilha A, Sousa J. Benefits of venoactive drug therapy in surgical or endovenous treatment for varicose veins: a systematic review. Int Angiol. 2019;38(4):291-298. 
  151. Gonzalez Ochoa AJ, Carrillo J, Manríquez D, Manrique F, Vazquez AN. Reducing hyperpigmentation after sclerotherapy: A randomized clinical trial. J Vasc surgery Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(1):154-162. 
  152. Lacroix I, Beau A-B, Hurault-Delarue C, Bouilhac C, Petiot D, Vayssière C, Vidal S, Montastruc J-L, Damase-Michel C. First epidemiological data for venotonics in pregnancy from the EFEMERIS database. Phlebology. 2016;31(5):344-348. 
  153. Guillot B, Guilhou JJ, De Champvallins M, Mallet C, Moccatti D, Pointel JP. A long term treatment with a venotropic drug. Results on efficacy and safety of Daflon 500 mg in chronic venous insufficiency. Int Angiol. 1989;8(4 suppl):67-71. 
  154. Nicolaides A, Kakkos S, Baekgaard N, Comerota A, de Maeseneer M, Eklof B, Giannoukas A, Lugli M, Maleti O, Mansilha A, Myers KA, Nelzén O, Partsch H, Perrin M. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs. Guidelines According to Scientific Evidence. Part II. Int Angiol. 2020;39(3):175-240. 
  155. Zhang J, Jing Z, Schliephake DE, Otto J, Malouf GM, Gu Y-Q. Efficacy and safety of Aethoxysklerol (polidocanol) 0.5%, 1% and 3% in comparison with placebo solution for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in Chinese patients (ESA-China Study). Phlebology. 2012;27(4):184-190. 
  156. Hobbs JT. Surgery and sclerotherapy in the treatment of varicose veins. A random trial. Arch Surg. 1974;109(6):793-796. 
  157. de Roos K-P, Nieman FHM, Neumann HAM. Ambulatory phlebectomy versus compression sclerotherapy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(3):221-226. 
  158. Masuda EM, Kessler DM, Lurie F, Puggioni A, Kistner RL, Eklof B. The effect of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy of incompetent perforator veins on venous clinical severity and disability scores. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43(3):551-556. 
  159. van Neer P, Veraart JCJM, Neumann H. Posterolateral thigh perforator varicosities in 12 patients: a normal deep venous system and successful treatment with ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(11):1346-1352.
  160. King T, Coulomb G, Goldman A, Sheen V, McWilliams S, Guptan RC. Experience with concomitant ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and endovenous laser treatment in chronic venous disorder and its influence on Health Related Quality of Life: interim analysis of more than 1000 consecutive procedures. Int Angiol. 2009;28(4):289-297. 
  161. Bountouroglou DG, Azzam M, Kakkos SK, Pathmarajah M, Young P, Geroulakos G. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy combined with sapheno-femoral ligation compared to surgical treatment of varicose veins: early results of a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31(1):93-100. 
  162. Kakkos SK, Bountouroglou DG, Azzam M, Kalodiki E, Daskalopoulos M, Geroulakos G. Effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for recurrent varicose veins: immediate results. J Endovasc Ther. 2006;13(3):357-364. 
  163. McDonagh B, Sorenson S, Gray C. Clinical spectrum of recurrent postoperative varicose veins and efficacy of sclerotherapy management using the compass technique. Phlebology. 2003;18:173-186. 
  164. Darvall KAL, Bate GR, Adam DJ, Silverman SH, Bradbury AW. Duplex ultrasound outcomes following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy of symptomatic recurrent great saphenous varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;42(1):107-114. 
  165. Sukovatykh B, Rodionov O, Sukovatykh M, Khodykin S. Diagnosis and treatment of atypical forms of pelvic varicose veins. Vestnik (Herald of Surgery). I.I. Grekov. 2008;167(3):43-45. (In Russ.).
  166. Paraskevas P. Successful ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for vulval and leg varicosities secondary to ovarian vein reflux: a case study. Phlebology. 2011;26(1):29-31. 
  167. Rigby KA, Palfreyman SJ, Beverley C, Michaels JA. Surgery versus sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct 18;2004(4):CD004980. CD004980. PMID: 15495134; PMCID: PMC8786268. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
  168. Shadid N, Ceulen R, Nelemans P, Dirksen C, Veraart J, Schurink GW, van Neer P, vd Kley J, de Haan E, Sommer A. Randomized clinical trial of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy versus surgery for the incompetent great saphenous vein. Br J Surg. 2012;99(8):1062-1070.
  169. Rasmussen LH, Lawaetz M, Bjoern L, Vennits B, Blemings A, Eklof B. Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, foam sclerotherapy and surgical stripping for great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2011;98(8):1079-1087.
  170. Rabe E, Breu FX, Cavezzi A, Smith PC., Frullini A. European guidelines for sclerotherapy in chronic venous disorders. Phlebology. 2014;29(6):338-354. 
  171. Tisi PV, Beverley C, Rees A. Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4:CD001732.
  172. Goldman MP. Treatment of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins: double-blind prospective comparative trial between aethoxyskerol and sotradecol. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28(1):52-55. 
  173. Labas P, Ohradka B, Cambal M, Reis R, Fillo J. Long term results of compression sclerotherapy. Bratisl Lek List. 2003;104(2):78-81. 
  174. Alòs J, Carreño P, López JA, Estadella B, Serra-Prat M, Marinel-lo J. Efficacy and Safety of Sclerotherapy Using Polidocanol Foam: A Controlled Clinical Trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31(1):101-107. 
  175. Hamel-Desnos C, Desnos P, Wollmann J-C, Ouvry P, Mako S, Allaert F-A. Evaluation of the efficacy of polidocanol in the form of foam compared with liquid form in sclerotherapy of the greater saphenous vein: initial results. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(12):1170-1175.
  176. Ouvry P, Allaert F-A, Desnos P, Hamel-Desnos C. Efficacy of polidocanol foam versus liquid in sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein: a multicentre randomised controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;36(3):366-370. 
  177. Rabe E, Otto J, Schliephake D, Pannier F. Efficacy and safety of great saphenous vein sclerotherapy using standardised polidocanol foam (ESAF): a randomised controlled multicentre clinical trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35(2):238-245. 
  178. Hamel-Desnos CM, Guias BJ, Desnos PR, Mesgard A. Foam Sclerotherapy of the Saphenous Veins: Randomised Controlled Trial with or without Compression. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;39(4):500-507. 
  179. Kanter A, Thibault P. Saphenofemoral incompetence treated by ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg. 1996;22(7):648-652. 
  180. Yamaki T, Hamahata A, Soejima K, Kono T, Nozaki M, Sakurai H. Prospective Randomised Comparative Study of Visual Foam Sclerotherapy Alone or in Combination with Ultrasound-guided Foam Sclerotherapy for Treatment of Superficial Venous Insufficiency: Preliminary Report. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012;43(3):343-347. 
  181. Tessari L, Cavezzi A, Frullini A. Preliminary experience with a new sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27(1):58-60. 
  182. de Roos K-P, Groen L, Leenders ACAP. Foam sclerotherapy: investigating the need for sterile air. Dermatol Surg. 2011;37(8):1119-1124.
  183. Chen J, Liu Y-R, Sun Y-D, Liu C, Zhuo S-Y, Li K, Wei F-C, Liu S-H. The risk of bacteria in foam sclerotherapy: does the condition of the air in outpatient vs. operating rooms make a difference? Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(6):1386-1390.
  184. Morrison N, Neuhardt DL, Rogers CR, McEown J, Morrison T, Johnson E, Salles-Cunha SX. Comparisons of side effects using air and carbon dioxide foam for endovenous chemical ablation. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(4):830-836. 
  185. Morrison N, Neuhardt DL, Rogers CR, McEown J, Morrison T, Johnson E, Salles-Cunha SX. Incidence of side effects using carbon dioxide-oxygen foam for chemical ablation of superficial veins of the lower extremity. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;40(3):407-413. 
  186. Beckitt T, Elstone A, Ashley S. Air versus physiological gas for ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy treatment of varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;42(1):115-119. 
  187. Hesse G, Breu F, Kuschmann A, Hartmann K, Salomon N. Sclerotherapy using air- or CO2-O2-foam: post-approval study. Phlebologie. 2012;41:77-88. 
  188. Cavezzi A, Tessari L. Foam sclerotherapy techniques: different gases and methods of preparation, catheter versus direct injection. Phlebology. 2009;24(6):247-251. 
  189. Leslie-Mazwi TM, Avery LL, Sims JR. Intra-arterial Air Thrombogenesis after Cerebral Air Embolism Complicating Lower Extremity Sclerotherapy. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(1):97-100. 
  190. Scultetus AH, Villavicencio JL, Kao T-C, Gillespie DL, Ketron GD, Iafrati MD, Pikoulis E, Eifert S. Microthrombectomy reduces postsclerotherapy pigmentation: multicenter randomized trial. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38(5):896-903. 
  191. Nootheti PK, Cadag KM, Magpantay A, Goldman MP. Efficacy of graduated compression stockings for an additional 3 weeks after sclerotherapy treatment of reticular and telangiectatic leg veins. Dermatologic Surg. 2009;35(1):53-58. 
  192. Weiss RA, Sadick NS, Goldman MP, Weiss MA. Post-sclerotherapy compression: controlled comparative study of duration of compression and its effects on clinical outcome. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(2):105-108. 
  193. Parsi K. Paradoxical embolism, stroke and sclerotherapy. Phlebology. 2012; 27(4):147-167. 
  194. Hansen K, Morrison N, Neuhardt D, Salles-Cunha S. Transthoracic Echocardiogram and Transcranial Doppler Detection of Emboli After Foam Sclerotherapy of Leg Veins. J Vasc Ultrasound. 2007;31:213-216. 
  195. Michaels JA, Campbell WB, Brazier JE, Macintyre JB, Palfreyman SJ, Ratcliffe J, Rigby K. Randomised clinical trial, observational study and assessment of cost-effectiveness of the treatment of varicose veins (REACTIV trial). Heal Technol Assess. 2006;10(13):1-196. 
  196. Michaels JA, Brazier JE, Campbell WB, MacIntyre JB, Palfreyman SJ, Ratcliffe J. Randomized clinical trial comparing surgery with conservative treatment for uncomplicated varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2006;93(2):175-181. 
  197. Sam R, MacKenzie R, Paisley A, Ruckley C, Bradbury A. The Effect of Superficial Venous Surgery on Generic Health-related Quality of Life. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;28(3):253-256. 
  198. Shamiyeh A, Schrenk P, Wayand WU. Prospective trial comparing bilateral and unilateral varicose vein surgery. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2003;387(11-12):402-405. 
  199. Gemayel G, Christenson JT. Can Bilateral Varicose Vein Surgery be Performed Safely in an Ambulatory Setting? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012;43(1):95-99. 
  200. Caprini JA. Thrombosis risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care. Dis Mon. 2005;51(2-3):70-78. 
  201. Schuller-Petrovic S, Pichot O, Rabe E, Maurins U, Morrison N. Guidelines of the First International Consensus Conference on Endovenous Thermal Ablation for Varicose Vein Disease. ETAV Consensus Meeting 2012. 2015;30(4):257-273. 
  202. Van Den Bos RR, Neumann M, De Roos K-P, Nijsten T. Endovenous laser ablation-induced complications: review of the literature and new cases. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(8);1206-1214.
  203. Barker T, Evison F, Benson R, Tiwari A. Risk of venous thromboembolism following surgical treatment of superficial venous incompetence. Vasa. 2017;46(6):484-489. 
  204. Malgor RD, Gasparis AP, Labropoulos N. Morbidity and mortality after thermal venous ablations. Int Angiol. 2016;35(1):57-61. 
  205. Brar R, Nordon IM, Hinchliffe RJ, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. Surgical Management of Varicose Veins: Meta-analysis. Vascular. 2010;18(4):205-220. 
  206. Borenstein AI, Mironova EN, Andriashkin AV, Borenstein AI, Mironova EN, Andriashkin AV, Zolotuzin IA. Prevention of venous thromboembolic complications after phlebectomy. Phlebology. 2012;4:29-33.  (In Russ.).
  207. Knipp BS, Blackburn SA, Bloom JR, Fellows E, Laforge W, Pfeifer JR, Williams DM, Wakefield TW; Michigan Venous Study Group. Endovenous laser ablation: venous outcomes and thrombotic complications are independent of the presence of deep venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(6):1538-1545.
  208. Marsh P, Price BA, Holdstock J, Harrison C, Whiteley MS. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after venous thermoablation techniques: rates of endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) and classical DVT after radiofrequency and endovenous laser ablation in a single centre. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010 Oct;40(4):521-7. Epub 2010 Jul 23. PMID: 20655773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.05.011
  209. Chi Y-W, Woods TC. Clinical risk factors to predict deep venous thrombosis post-endovenous laser ablation of saphenous veins. Phlebology. 2014;29(3):150-153. 
  210. Testroote MJG, Wittens CHA. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing surgical treatment of varicose veins. Phlebology. 2013;28(suppl 1):86-90. 
  211. Kane K, Fisher T, Bennett M, Shutze W, Hicks T, Grimsley B, Gable D, Pearl G, Smith B, Shutze W. The incidence and outcome of endothermal heat-induced thrombosis after endovenous laser ablation. Ann Vasc Surg. 2014;28(7):1744-1750.
  212. Rhee SJ, Cantelmo NL, Conrad MF, Stoughton J. Factors influencing the incidence of endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT). Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;47(3):207-212. 
  213. Bokeria LA, Zatevakhin II, Kirienko AI. Russian clinical guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolic complications (VTEO). Phlebology. 2015;4(2):1-52.  (In Russ.).
  214. Keo HH, Baumann F, Diehm N, Regli C, Staub D. Rivaroxaban versus fondaparinux for thromboprophylaxis after endovenous laser ablation. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;6:817-823. 
  215. Wittens C, et al. Management of Chronic Venous Disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(6):678-737. 
  216. Nesbitt C, Bedenis R, Bhattacharya V, Stansby G. Endovenous ablation (radiofrequency and laser) and foam sclerotherapy versus open surgery for great saphenous vein varices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;7. 
  217. Paravastu SC, Horne M, Dodd PD. Endovenous ablation therapy (laser or radiofrequency) or foam sclerotherapy versus conventional surgical repair for short saphenous varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 29;11(11):CD010878. CD010878.pub2. PMID: 27898181; PMCID: PMC6464398. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
  218. Creton D, Réa B, Pittaluga P, Chastanet S, Allaert FA. Evaluation of the pain in varicose vein surgery under tumescent local anaesthesia using sodium bicarbonate as excipient without any intravenous sedation. Phlebology. 2012;27(7):368-373. 
  219. Hamann SAS, Giang J, De Maeseneer MGR, Nijsten TEC, van den Bos RR. Editor's Choice - Five Year Results of Great Saphenous Vein Treatment: A Meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017 Dec;54(6):760-770. Epub 2017 Oct 14. PMID: 29033337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.08.034
  220. Lawaetz M, Serup J, Lawaetz B, Bjoern L, Blemings A, Eklof B, Rasmussen L. Comparison of endovenous ablation techniques, foam sclerotherapy and surgical stripping for great saphenous varicose veins. Extended 5-year follow-up of a RCT. Int Angiol. 2017;36(3):281-288. 
  221. Paravastu SCV, Horne M, Dodd PDF. Endovenous ablation therapy (laser or radiofrequency) or foam sclerotherapy versus conventional surgical repair for short saphenous varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11:CD010878.
  222. Boersma D, Kornmann VNN, van Eekeren RRJP, Tromp E, Ünlü Ç, Reijnen MMJP, de Vries J-PPM. Treatment Modalities for Small Saphenous Vein Insufficiency: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endovasc Ther. 2016;23(1):199-211. 
  223. Hassanin A, Aherne TM, Greene G, Boyle E, Egan B, Tierney S, Walsh SR, McHugh S, Aly S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies comparing nonthermal versus thermal endovenous ablation in superficial venous incompetence. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(6):902-913. 
  224. Bellam Premnath KP, Joy B, Raghavendra VA, Toms A, Sleeba T. Cyanoacrylate adhesive embolization and sclerotherapy for primary varicose veins. Phlebology. 2018 Sep;33(8):547-557. Epub 2017 Sep 28. PMID: 28956692. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355517733339
  225. Lane T, Bootun R, Dharmarajah B, Lim CS, Najem M, Renton S, Sritharan K, Davies AH. A multi-centre randomised controlled trial comparing radiofrequency and mechanical occlusion chemically assisted ablation of varicose veins — Final results of the Venefit versus Clarivein for varicose veins trial. Phlebology. 2017;32(2):89-98. 
  226. Lun Y, Shen S, Wu X, Jiang H, Xin S, Zhang J. Laser fiber migration into the pelvic cavity: A rare complication of endovenous laser ablation. Phlebol J Venous Dis. 2015;30(9):641-643. 
  227. Kim JS, Park SW, Yun IJ, Hwang JJ, Lee SA, Chee HK, Hwang JH. Retrograde Endovenous Laser Ablation through Saphenopopliteal Junctional Area for Incompetent Small Saphenous Vein: Comparison with Antegrade Approach. Korean J Radiol. 2016;17(3):364-369. 
  228. Mozes G, Kalra M, Carmo M, Swenson L, Gloviczki P. Extension of saphenous thrombus into the femoral vein: a potential complication of new endovenous ablation techniques. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41(1):130-135. 
  229. van Rij AM, Jones GT, Hill BG, Amer M, Thomson IA, Pettigrew RA, Packer SGK. Mechanical Inhibition of Angiogenesis at the Saphenofemoral Junction in the Surgical Treatment of Varicose Veins: Early Results of a Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Circulation. 2008;118(1):66-74. 
  230. Winterborn RJ, Earnshaw JJ. Randomised trial of polytetrafluoroethylene patch insertion for recurrent great saphenous varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;34(3):367-373. 
  231. Dwerryhouse S, Davies B, Harradine K, Earnshaw JJ. Stripping the long saphenous vein reduces the rate of reoperation for recurrent varicose veins: Five-year results of a randomized trial. J Vasc Surg. 1999;29(4):589-592. 
  232. Winterborn RJ, Foy C, Earnshaw JJ. Causes of varicose vein recurrence: late results of a randomized controlled trial of stripping the long saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40(4):634-639. 
  233. Holme JB, Skajaa K, Holme K. Incidence of lesions of the saphenous nerve after partial or complete stripping of the long saphenous vein. Acta Chir Scand. 1990;156(2):145-148. 
  234. Van Der Stricht J. Saphenectomy by invagination by thread. Press Med. 1963;71:1081-1082.
  235. Fullarton GM, Calvert MH. Intraluminal long saphenous vein stripping: a technique minimizing perivenous tissue trauma. Br J Surg. 1987;74(4):255. 
  236. Oesch A. «Pin-stripping»: a novel method of atraumatic stripping. Phlebology. 1993;4:171-173. 
  237. Goren G, Yellin AE. Invaginated axial saphenectomy by a semirigid stripper: perforate-invaginate stripping. J Vasc Surg. 1994;20(6):970-977. 
  238. Menyhei G, Gyevnár Z, Arató E, Kelemen O, Kollár L. Conventional stripping versus cryostripping: a prospective randomised trial to compare improvement in quality of life and complications. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35(2):218-223. 
  239. Klem TMAL, Schnater JM, Schütte PR, Hop W, van der Ham AC, Wittens CHA. A randomized trial of cryo stripping versus conventional stripping of the great saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49(2):403-409. 
  240. Lurie F, Makarova NP. Clinical Dynamics of Varicose Disease in Patients with High Degree of Venous Reflux During Conservative Treatment and After Surgery: 7-Year Follow-Up. Int J Angiol. 1998;7(3):234-237. 
  241. Critchley G, Handa A, Maw A, Harvey A, Harvey MR, Corbett CRR. Complications of varicose vein surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1997;79(2):105-110. 
  242. Ramasastry SS, Dick GO, Futrell JW. Anatomy of the saphenous nerve: relevance to saphenous vein stripping. Am Surg. 1987;53(5):274-277. 
  243. Rudström H, Björck M, Bergqvist D. Iatrogenic vascular injuries in varicose vein surgery: a systematic review. World J Surg. 2007;31(1):228-233. 
  244. Dermody M, O’Donnell TF, Balk EM. Complications of endovenous ablation in randomized controlled trials. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013;1(4):427-436. 
  245. de Alvarenga Yoshida R, Yoshida WB, Sardenberg T, Sobreira ML, Rollo HA, Moura R. Fibular Nerve Injury After Small Saphenous Vein Surgery. Ann Vasc Surg. 2012;26(5):729.e11-729.e15. 
  246. Atkin GK, Round T, Vattipally VR, Das SK. Common peroneal nerve injury as a complication of short saphenous vein surgery. Phlebology. 2007;22(1):3-7. 
  247. Corder AP, Schache DJ, Farquharson SM, Tristram S. Wound infection following high saphenous ligation. A trial comparing two skin closure techniques: subcuticular polyglycolic acid and interrupted monofilament nylon mattress sutures. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1991;36(2):100-102. 
  248. Mekako AI, Chetter IC, Coughlin PA, Hatfield J, McCollum PT. Randomized clinical trial of co-amoxiclav versus no antibiotic prophylaxis in varicose vein surgery. Br J Surg. 2010;97(1):29-36. 
  249. Aslanov BI, Zueva LP, Kolosovskaya EN, Lyubimova AV, Khoroshilov VU, Dolgiy AA, Daryina MG, Tekhova IG. Principles of organization of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in healthcare institutions. Federal clinical guidelines. 2014;42.  (In Russ.).
  250. De Felice E. Shedding light: laser physics and mechanism of action. Phlebology. 2010 Feb;25(1):11-28. PMID: 20118342. https://doi.org//10.1258/phleb.2009.009036
  251. Nwaejike N, Srodon PD, Kyriakides C. Endovenous laser ablation for the treatment of recurrent varicose vein disease--a single centre experience. Int J Surg. 2010;8(4):299-301. 
  252. Carradice D, Leung C, Chetter I. Laser; best practice techniques and evidence. Phlebology. 2015;30(2 suppl):36-41. 
  253. Vuylsteke ME, Klitfod L, Mansilha A. Endovenous ablation. Int Angiol. 2019;38(1):22-38. 
  254. van Groenendael L, van der Vliet JA, Flinkenflögel L, Roovers EA, van Sterkenburg SMM, Reijnen MMPJ. Treatment of recurrent varicose veins of the great saphenous vein by conventional surgery and endovenous laser ablation. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50(5):1106-1113.
  255. Theivacumar NS, Gough MJ. Endovenous Laser Ablation (EVLA) to Treat Recurrent Varicose Veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;41(5):691-696. 
  256. Siah MC, Abramowitz SD, Haser P, Ricotta J, Woo EY, Macsata R. Evaluating the venous experience in vascular surgery training. J Vasc Surgery Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(3):446-452. 
  257. Hwang JH, Park SW, Chang IS, Kim KH, Kang JH. Endovenous Thermal Ablation of Recurrent Varicose Veins due to Residual Great Saphenous Venous Insufficiency After Saphenous Venous Surgery: A Comparative Study. Dermatologic Surg. 2018;44(10):1287-1294.
  258. Yoon WJ, Dresher M, Crisostomo PR, Halandras PM, Bechara CF, Aulivola B. Delineating the durability outcome differences after saphenous ablation with laser versus radiofrequency. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(4):486-492. 
  259. Rasmussen L, Lawaetz M, Serup J, Bjoern L, Vennits B, Blemings A, Eklof B. Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, foam sclerotherapy, and surgical stripping for great saphenous varicose veins with 3-year follow-up. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013;1(4):349-356. 
  260. Almeida JI, Kaufman J, Göckeritz O, Chopra P, Evans MT, Hoheim DF, Makhoul RG, Richards T, Wenzel C, Raines JK. Radiofrequency endovenous ClosureFAST versus laser ablation for the treatment of great saphenous reflux: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized study (RECOVERY study). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20(6):752-759. 
  261. Gale SS, Lee JN, Walsh ME, Wojnarowski DL, Comerota AJ. A randomized, controlled trial of endovenous thermal ablation using the 810-nm wavelength laser and the ClosurePLUS radiofrequency ablation methods for superficial venous insufficiency of the great saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(3):645-650. 
  262. Goode SD, Chowdhury A, Crockett M, Beech A, Simpson R, Richards T, Braithwaite BD. Laser and radiofrequency ablation study (LARA study): a randomised study comparing radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser ablation (810 nm). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;40(2):246-253. 
  263. Nordon IM, Hinchliffe RJ, Brar R, Moxey P, Black SA, Thompson MM, Loftus IM. A Prospective Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Radiofrequency Versus Laser Treatment of the Great Saphenous Vein in Patients With Varicose Veins. Ann Surg. 2011;254(6):876-881. 
  264. Shaydakov EV, Ilyukhin EA, Petukhov AV, Grigoryan AG, Rosuchovsky DA Shaydakov EV, Ilyukhin EA, Petukhov AM, Grigoryan AG, Rosuchovsky DA. ClosureFAST and 1470 nm endovasal laser obliteration: a multicenter prospective non-randomized study. Phlebology. 2012;6(3):20-27.  (In Russ.).
  265. Shepherd AC, Gohel MS, Brown LC, Metcalfe MJ, Hamish M, Davies AH. Randomized clinical trial of VNUS ClosureFAST radiofrequency ablation versus laser for varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2010;97(6):810-818. 
  266. Flessenkämper I, Hartmann M, Stenger D, Roll S. Endovenous laser ablation with and without high ligation compared with high ligation and stripping in the treatment of great saphenous varicose veins: initial results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Phlebology. 2013;28(1):16-23. 
  267. Brown CS, Obi AT, Cronenwett JL, Kabnick L, Wakefield TW, Osborne NH. Outcomes after truncal ablation with or without concomitant phlebectomy for isolated symptomatic varicose veins (C2 disease). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 Mar;9(2):369-376. Epub 2020 Jun 2. PMID: 32502731; PMCID: PMC7788516. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.016
  268. Monahan DL. Can phlebectomy be deferred in the treatment of varicose veins? J Vasc Surg. 2005;42(6):1145-1149.
  269. Welch HJ. Endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein may avert phlebectomy for branch varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44(3):601-605. 
  270. Hager ES, Ozvath KJ, Dillavou ED. Evidence summary of combined saphenous ablation and treatment of varicosities versus staged phlebectomy. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(1):134-137. 
  271. Mekako A, Hatfield J, Bryce J, Heng M, Lee D, McCollum P, Chetter I. Combined endovenous laser therapy and ambulatory phlebectomy: refinement of a new technique. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32(6):725-729. 
  272. Carradice D, Mekako AI, Hatfield J, Chetter IC. Randomized clinical trial of concomitant or sequential phlebectomy after endovenous laser therapy for varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2009;96(4):369-375. 
  273. Kim HK, Kim HJ, Shim JH, Baek M-J, Sohn Y, Choi YH. Endovenous Lasering Versus Ambulatory Phlebectomy of Varicose Tributaries in Conjunction with Endovenous Laser Treatment of the Great or Small Saphenous Vein. Ann Vasc Surg. 2009;23(2):207-211. 
  274. Aherne TM, Ryan ÉJ, Boland MR, McKevitt K, Hassanin A, Tubassam M, Tang TY, Walsh S. Concomitant vs. Staged Treatment of Varicose Tributaries as an Adjunct to Endovenous Ablation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2020;60(3):430-442. 
  275. Starodubtsev V, Lukyanenko M, Karpenko A, Ignatenko P. Endovenous laser ablation in patients with wide diameter of the proximal segment of the great saphenous vein: Comparison of methods. Phlebology. 2015;30(10):700-705. 
  276. Spinedi L, Stricker H, Staub D, Uthoff H. Endovenous Laser Ablation for Treatment of a Partially Thrombosed Proximal Great Saphenous Vein. Case Rep Vasc Med. 2019;2019:1726978.
  277. Gradman WS. Endovenous saphenous vein ablation in patients with acute isolated superficial-vein thrombosis. Phlebology. 2015;30(3):204-209. 
  278. Enzler MA, Russell D, Schimmelpfennig J. Thermal ablation in the management of superficial thrombophlebitis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012;43(6):726-728. 
  279. Schoonover JP, King JT, Gray C, Campbell K, Sherman C. 3 alternatives to standard varicose vein treatment. J Fam Pr. 2009;58(10):522-526. 
  280. Sadick NS. Advances in the treatment of varicose veins: ambulatory phlebectomy, foam sclerotherapy, endovascular laser, and radiofrequency closure. Adv Dermatol. 2006;22:139-156. 
  281. Westin GG, Cayne NS, Lee V, Ekstroem J, Yau PO, Sadek M, Rockman CB, Kabnick LS, Berland TL, Maldonado TS, Jacobowitz GR. Radiofrequency and laser vein ablation for patients receiving warfarin anticoagulation is safe, effective, and durable. J Vasc surgery Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(4):610-616. 
  282. Sufian S, Arnez A, Labropoulos N, Lakhanpal S. Endothermal venous ablation of the saphenous vein on patients who are on anticoagulation therapy. Int Angiol. 2017;36(3):268-274. 
  283. Riesenman PJ, de Fritas DJ, Konigsberg SG, Kasirajan K. Noninterruption of warfarin therapy is safe and does not compromise outcome in patients undergoing endovenous laser therapy (EVLT). Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;45(6):524-526. 
  284. Delaney CL, Russell DA, Iannos J, Spark JI. Is endovenous laser ablation possible while taking warfarin? Phlebology. 2012;27(5):231-234. 
  285. Pavlovic MD, Schuller-Petrovic S, Pichot O, Rabe E, Maurins U, Morrison N, Pannier F. Guidelines of the First International Consensus Conference on Endovenous Thermal Ablation for Varicose Vein Disease--ETAV Consensus Meeting 2012. Phlebology. 2015;30(4):257-273. 
  286. Moro L, Serino F-M, Ricci S, Abbruzzese G, Antonelli-Incalzi R. Dilution of a mepivacaine-adrenaline solution in isotonic sodium bicarbonate for reducing subcutaneous infiltration pain in ambulatory phlebectomy procedures: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(5):960-963. 
  287. Marsden G, Perry M, Kelley K, Davies AH. Diagnosis and management of varicose veins in the legs: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2013;347:f4279.
  288. Samuel N, Wallace T, Carradice D, Shahin Y, Mazari FAK, Chetter IC. Endovenous laser ablation in the treatment of small saphenous varicose veins: does site of access influence early outcomes? Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2012;46(4):310-314. 
  289. Doganci S, Yildirim V, Demirkilic U. Does puncture site affect the rate of nerve injuries following endovenous laser ablation of the small saphenous veins? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;41(3):400-405. 
  290. Mendes-Pinto D, Bastianetto P, Cavalcanti Braga Lyra L, Kikuchi R, Kabnick L. Endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein comparing 1920-nm and 1470-nm diode laser. Int Angiol A J Int Union Angiol. 2016;35(6):599-604. 
  291. Vuylsteke M, De Bo T, Dompe G, Di Crisci D, Abbad C, Mordon S. Endovenous laser treatment: is there a clinical difference between using a 1500 nm and a 980 nm diode laser? A multicenter randomised clinical trial. Int Angiol. 2011;30(4):327-334. 
  292. Proebstle TM, Moehler T, Gül D, Herdemann S. Endovenous treatment of the great saphenous vein using a 1,320 nm Nd:YAG laser causes fewer side effects than using a 940 nm diode laser. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(12):1678-1683.
  293. Goldman MP, Mauricio M, Rao J. Intravascular 1320-nm laser closure of the great saphenous vein: a 6- to 12-month follow-up study. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(11):1380-1385.
  294. Pannier F, Rabe E, Maurins U. First results with a new 1470-nm diode laser for endovenous ablation of incompetent saphenous veins. Phlebology. 2009;24(1):26-30. 
  295. Shaydakov E, Ilyukhin E, Rosukhovskiy D. Blood absorption during 970 and 1470 nm laser radiation in vitro. Int Angiol. 2015;34:1. 
  296. Park I, Park S-C. Comparison of Short-Term Outcomes Between Endovenous 1,940-nm Laser Ablation and Radiofrequency Ablation for Incompetent Saphenous Veins. Front Surg. 2020;7:620034.
  297. Pannier F, Rabe E, Rits J, Kadiss A, Maurins U. Endovenous laser ablation of great saphenous veins using a 1470 nm diode laser and the radial fibre — follow-up after six months. Phlebology. 2011;26(1):35-39. 
  298. Prince EA, Soares GM, Silva M, Taner A, Ahn S, Dubel GJ, Jay BS. Impact of laser fiber design on outcome of endovenous ablation of lower-extremity varicose veins: results from a single practice. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol. 2011;34(3):536-541. 
  299. Schwarz T, von Hodenberg E, Furtwängler C, Rastan A, Zeller T, Neumann FJ. Endovenous laser ablation of varicose veins with the 1470-nm diode laser. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(6):1474-1478.
  300. Doganci S, Demirkilic U. Comparison of 980 nm laser and bare-tip fibre with 1470 nm laser and radial fibre in the treatment of great saphenous vein varicosities: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;40(2):254-259. 
  301. Hirokawa M, Ogawa T, Sugawara H, Shokoku S, Sato S. Comparison of 1470 nm Laser and Radial 2 ring Fiber with 980 nm Laser and Bare-Tip Fiber in Endovenous Laser Ablation of Saphenous Varicose Veins: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Non-Blind Study. Ann Vasc Dis. 2015;8(4):282-289. 
  302. Hirokawa M, Kurihara N. Comparison of Bare-Tip and Radial Fiber in Endovenous Laser Ablation with 1470 nm Diode Laser. Ann Vasc Dis. 2014;7(3):239-245. 
  303. Cowpland CA, Cleese AL, Whiteley MS. Factors affecting optimal linear endovenous energy density for endovenous laser ablation in incompetent lower limb truncal veins - A review of the clinical evidence. Phlebology. 2017 Jun;32(5):299-306. Epub 2016 May 12. PMID: 27178405. https://doi.org//10.1177/0268355516648067
  304. Shaydakov EV, Ilyukhin EA, Grigoryan AG, Bulatov VL, Rosukhovsky DA, Shonov OA. Carbonization during endovasal laser obliteration by radial light guide with wavelengths of 1470 and 970 nm. Angiology and vascular surgery. 2015;21(3):107-110. (In Russ.).
  305. Sokolov AL, Lyadov KV, Lutsenko MM. Laser vein obliteration for practical doctors. Moscow: Medpraktika-M Publishing House; 2011. (In Russ.).
  306. Maurins U, Rabe E, Pannier F. Does laser power influence the results of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of incompetent saphenous veins with the 1 470-nm diode laser? A prospective randomized study comparing 15 and 25 W. Int Angiol. 2009;28(1):32-37. 
  307. Joh JH, Kim W-S, Jung IM, Park K-H, Lee T, Kang JM; Consensus Working Group. Consensus for the Treatment of Varicose Vein with Radiofrequency Ablation. Vasc Spec Int. 2014;30(4):105-112. 
  308. Bisang U, Meier TO, Enzler M, Thalhammer C, Husmann M, Amann-Vesti BR. Results of endovenous ClosureFast treatment for varicose veins in an outpatient setting. Phlebology. 2012 Apr;27(3):118-23. Epub 2011 May 13. PMID: 21572060. https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2010.010089
  309. Proebstle TM, Alm J, Göckeritz O, Wenzel C, Noppeney T, Lebard C, Pichot O, Sessa C, Creton D, Gockeritz O. Three-year European follow-up of endovenous radiofrequency-powered segmental thermal ablation of the great saphenous vein with or without treatment of calf varicosities. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(1):146-152. 
  310. Proebstle TM, Alm BJ, Göckeritz O, Wenzel C, Noppeney T, Lebard C, Sessa C, Creton D, Pichot O. Five-year results from the prospective European multicentre cohort study on radiofrequency segmental thermal ablation for incompetent great saphenous veins. Br J Surg. 2015;102(3):212-218. 
  311. Goodyear SJ, Nyamekye IK. Radiofrequency ablation of varicose veins: Best practice techniques and evidence. Phlebology. 2015;30(2 suppl):9-17. 
  312. Reich-Schupke S, Mumme A, Stücker M. Histopathological findings in varicose veins following bipolar radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy — results of an ex vivo experiment. Phlebology. 2011;26(2):69-74. 
  313. Badham GE, Dos Santos SJ, Whiteley MS. Radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy (RFiTT) in a porcine liver model and ex vivo great saphenous vein. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2017;26(4):200-206. 
  314. Tesmann JP, Thierbach H, Dietrich A, Grimme H, Vogt T, Rass K. Radiofrequency induced thermotherapy (RFITT) of varicose veins compared to endovenous laser treatment (EVLT): a non-randomized prospective study concentrating on occlusion rates, side-effects and clinical outcome. Eur J Dermatol. 2011;21(6):945-951. 
  315. Spiliopoulos S, Theodosiadou V, Sotiriadi A, Karnabatidis D. Endovenous ablation of incompetent truncal veins and their perforators with a new radiofrequency system. Mid-term outcomes. Vascular. 2015;23(6):592-598. 
  316. Stoyko Y, Ignatieva N, Zakharkina O, Gulieva V, Mazayshvili K, Tsyplyashchuk A, Yashkin M, Akimov S, Bagratashvili V, Kharitonova S. Experimental justification of radiofrequency thermobliteration modes. Phlebology. 2015;9(2):12-17.  (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo20159212-17
  317. Shaidakov EV, Grigoryan AG, Korzhevskii DE, Ilyukhin EA, Rosukhovski DA, Bulatov VL, Tsarev OI. Morphologic changes in the vein after different numbers of radiofrequency ablation cycles. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2015;3(4):358-363. 
  318. Schuller-Petrović S, Pavlović MD, Schuller-Lukić B, Schuller S. Retrospective analysis of routine use of a double heat cycle (DHC) during radiofrequency segmental ablation (ClosureFAST(™) ) of saphenous veins. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016 Jun;30(6):1009-12. Epub 2015 May 11. PMID: 25959996. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13178
  319. Calcagno D, Rossi JA, Ha C. Effect of saphenous vein diameter on closure rate with ClosureFAST radiofrequency catheter. Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;43(6):567-570. 
  320. Seliverstov E, Balashov A, Lebedev I, Ahn E, Soldatsky E. A case of light guide fragmentation in the great saphenous vein after endovenous laser obliteration. Phlebology. 2014;8(4):55-58.  (In Russ.).
  321. Caggiati A, Franceschini M. Stroke following endovenous laser treatment of varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(1):218-220. 
  322. Wheatcroft M, Lindsay T, Lossing A. Two cases of arteriovenous fistula formation between the external iliac vessels following endovenous laser therapy. Vascular. 2014;22(6):464-467. 
  323. Hashimoto O, Miyazaki T, Hosokawa J, Shimura Y, Okuyama H, Endo M. A case of high-output heart failure caused by a femoral arteriovenous fistula after endovenous laser ablation treatment of the saphenous vein. Phlebology. 2015;30(4):290-292. 
  324. Rudarakanchana N, Berland TL, Chasin C, Sadek M, Kabnick LS. Arteriovenous fistula after endovenous ablation for varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55(5):1492-1494.
  325. Ziporin SJ, Ifune CK, MacConmara MP, Geraghty PJ, Choi ET. A case of external iliac arteriovenous fistula and high-output cardiac failure after endovenous laser treatment of great saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(3):715-719. 
  326. Theivacumar NS, Gough MJ. Arterio-Venous Fistula Following Endovenous Laser Ablation for Varicose Veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;38(2):234-236. 
  327. Vaz C, Matos A, Oliveira J, Nogueira C, Almeida R, Mendonça M. Iatrogenic Arteriovenous Fistula Following Endovenous Laser Therapy of the Short Saphenous Vein. Ann Vasc Surg. 2009;23(3):412.e15-412.e17. 
  328. Kabnick LS, Sadek M, Bjarnason H, Coleman DM, Dillavou ED, Hingorani AP, Lal BK, Lawrence PF, Malgor RD, Puggioni A. Classification and treatment of endothermal heat-induced thrombosis: Recommendations from the American Venous Forum and the Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 Jan;9(1):6-22. Epub 2020 Oct 1. PMID: 33012690. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.06.008
  329. Dexter D, Kabnick L, Berland T, Jacobowitz G, Lamparello P, Maldonado T, Mussa F, Rockman C, Sadek M, Giammaria LE, Adelman M. Complications of Endovenous Lasers. Phlebology. 2012;27(1 suppl):40-45. 
  330. Sadek M, Kabnick LS, Rockman CB, Berland TL, Zhou D, Chasin C, Jacobowitz GR, Adelman MA. Increasing ablation distance peripheral to the saphenofemoral junction may result in a diminished rate of endothermal heat-induced thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013;1(3):257-262. 
  331. Sufian S, Arnez A, Labropoulos N, Lakhanpal S. Incidence, progression, and risk factors for endovenous heat-induced thrombosis after radiofrequency ablation. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013;1(2):159-164. 
  332. Sufian S, Arnez A, Labropoulos N, Lakhanpal S. Endovenous heat-induced thrombosis after ablation with 1470 nm laser: Incidence, progression, and risk factors. Phlebology. 2014;30(5):325-330. 
  333. Tang TY, Rathnaweera HP, Kam JW, Chong TT, Choke EC, Tan YK. Endovenous cyanoacrylate glue to treat varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency-Experience gained from our first 100+ truncal venous ablations in a multi-ethnic Asian population using the Medtronic VenaSeal Closure System. Phlebology. 2019;34(8):543-551. 
  334. Cho S, Gibson K, Lee SH, Kim S-Y, Joh JH. Incidence, classification, and risk factors of endovenous glue-induced thrombosis after cyanoacrylate closure of the incompetent saphenous vein. J Vasc surgery Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(6):991-998. 
  335. Parsi K, et al. Cyanoacrylate closure for peripheral veins: Consensus document of the Australasian College of Phlebology. Phlebology. 2020;35(3):153-175. 
  336. Dimech A, Cassar K. Efficacy of Cyanoacrylate Glue Ablation of Primary Truncal Varicose Veins Compared to Existing Endovenous Techniques: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Surg J. 2020;06:77-86. 
  337. Yang GK, Parapini M, Gagnon J, Chen JC. Comparison of cyanoacrylate embolization and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of varicose veins. Phlebology. 2019;34(4):278-283. 
  338. Parsi K, Kang M, Yang A, Kossard S. Granuloma formation following cyanoacrylate glue injection in peripheral veins and arteriovenous malformation. Phlebology. 2020;35(2):115-123. 
  339. Witte ME, Zeebregts CJ, de Borst GJ, Reijnen MMPJ, Boersma D. Mechanochemical endovenous ablation of saphenous veins using the ClariVein: A systematic review. Phlebology. 2017;0(0):026835551770206.
  340. Gibson K, Ferris B. Cyanoacrylate closure of incompetent great, small and accessory saphenous veins without the use of post-procedure compression: Initial outcomes of a post-market evaluation of the VenaSeal System (the WAVES Study). Vascular. 2017;25(2):149-156. 
  341. Witte ME, Holewijn S, van Eekeren RR, de Vries J-P, Zeebregts CJ, Reijnen MMPJ. Midterm Outcome of Mechanochemical Endovenous Ablation for the Treatment of Great Saphenous Vein Insufficiency. J Endovasc Ther. 2017;24(1):149-155. 
  342. Proebstle TM, Alm J, Dimitri S, Rasmussen L, Whiteley M, Lawson J, Davies A. Twelve-Month Follow-up of the European Multicenter Study on Cyanoacrylate Embolization of Incompetent Great Saphenous Veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2014;2(1):105-106. 
  343. Chan YC, Law Y, Cheung GC, Ting AC, Cheng SW. Cyanoacrylate glue used to treat great saphenous reflux: Measures of outcome. Phlebology. 2017;32(2):99-106. 
  344. Bozkurt AK, Ylmaz MF. A prospective comparison of a new cyanoacrylate glue and laser ablation for the treatment of venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2016;31(1 suppl):106-113. 
  345. Morrison N, Gibson K, Vasquez M, Weiss R, Cher D, Madsen M, Jones A. VeClose trial 12-month outcomes of cyanoacrylate closure versus radiofrequency ablation for incompetent great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(3):321-330. 
  346. Morrison N, Gibson K, McEnroe S, Goldman M, King T, Weiss R, Cher D, Jones A. Randomized trial comparing cyanoacrylate embolization and radiofrequency ablation for incompetent great saphenous veins (VeClose). J Vasc Surg. 2015;61(4):1-10. 
  347. Siribumrungwong B, Wilasrusmee C, Orrapin S, Srikuea K, Benyakorn T, McKay G, Attia J, Rerkasem K, Thakkinstian A. Interventions for great saphenous vein reflux: network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Br J Surg. 2021 Apr 5;108(3):244-255. PMID: 33793723. https://doi.org//10.1093/bjs/znaa101
  348. Tekin Aİ, Tuncer ON, Memetoğlu ME, Arslan Ü, Öztekin A, Yağmur B, Biçer M, Özmen R. Nonthermal, Nontumescent Endovenous Treatment of Varicose Veins. Ann Vasc Surg. 2016;36:231-235. 
  349. Kianifard B, Holdstock J, Allen C, Smith C, Price B, Whiteley M.S. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of adding subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery to standard great saphenous vein stripping. Br J Surg. 2007; 94(9):1075-1080.
  350. Zolotukhin IA, Karalkin AV, Yarich AN, Seliverstov EI, Kirienko AI. Refusal of perforating vein dissection does not affect phlebectomy result in patients with varicose veins. Phlebology. 2012;(3):16-19.  (In Russ.).
  351. van Neer P, Kessels FG, Estourgie RJ, de Haan EF, Neumann MA, Veraart JC. Persistent reflux below the knee after stripping of the great saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50(4):831-834. 
  352. Shi H, Liu X, Lu M, Lu X, Jiang M, Yin M. The Effect of Endovenous Laser Ablation of Incompetent Perforating Veins and the Great Saphenous Vein in Patients with Primary Venous Disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(5):574-580. 
  353. Seren M, Dumantepe M, Fazliogullari O, Kucukaksu S. Combined treatment with endovenous laser ablation and compression therapy of incompetent perforating veins for treatment of recalcitrant venous ulcers. Phlebology. 2017;32(5):307-315. 
  354. Bacon JL, Dinneen AJ, Marsh P, Holdstock JM, Price BA, Whiteley MS. Five-year results of incompetent perforator vein closure using TRans-Luminal Occlusion of Perforator. Phlebology. 2009;24(2):74-78. 
  355. Chehab M, Dixit P, Antypas E, Juncaj M, Wong O, Bischoff M. Endovenous Laser Ablation of Perforating Veins: Feasibility, Safety, and Occlusion Rate Using a 1,470-nm Laser and Bare-Tip Fiber. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26(6):871-877. 
  356. Proebstle TM, Lehr HA, Kargl A, Espinola-Klein C, Rother W, Bethge S, Knop J. Endovenous treatment of the greater saphenous vein with a 940-nm diode laser: thrombotic occlusion after endoluminal thermal damage by laser-generated steam bubbles. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35(4):729-736. 
  357. Nelzén O, Fransson I. True long-term healing and recurrence of venous leg ulcers following SEPS combined with superficial venous surgery: a prospective study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;34(5):605-612. 
  358. Obermayer A, Göstl K, Walli G, Benesch T. Chronic venous leg ulcers benefit from surgery: long-term results from 173 legs. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44(3):572-579. 
  359. Franceschi C, Cappelli M, Ermini S, Gianesini S, Mendoza E, Passariello F, Zamboni P. CHIVA: hemodynamic concept, strategy and results. Int Angiol. 2016;35(1):8-30. 
  360. Franceschi C, Bahnini A. Remark concerning the comments on the CHIVA method in the article by P. Pittaluga and S. Chastanet: «Technique and treatment of varices: How to choose?». Phlebol — Ann Vasc. 2008;61:428-430. 
  361. Zamboni P, Marcellino MG, Cappelli M, Feo CV, Bresadola V, Vasquez G, Liboni A. Saphenous vein sparing surgery: principles, techniques and results. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1998;39(2):151-162. 
  362. Zamboni P, Mendoza E, Gianesini S. Saphenous vein-sparing strategies in chronic venous disease. 1st ed. 2018. Edition 2018.
  363. Parés JO, Juan J, Tellez R, Mata A, Moreno C, Quer F.X, Suarez D, Codony I, Roca J. Varicose vein surgery: stripping versus the CHIVA method: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2010;251(4):624-631. 
  364. Carandina S, Mari C, De Palma M, Marcellino MG, Cisno C, Legnaro A, Liboni A, Zamboni P. Varicose Vein Stripping vs Haemodynamic Correction (CHIVA): a Long Term Randomised Trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35(2):230-237. 
  365. Bellmunt-Montoya S, Escribano JM, Dilme J, Martinez-Zapata MJ. CHIVA method for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 3;(7):CD009648. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD009648. PMID: 23821413. https://doi.org//10.1002/14651858.CD009648.pub2
  366. Biemans AM, van den Bos RR, Hollestein LM, Maessen-Visch MB, Vergouwe Y, Neumann HM, de Maeseneer MGR, Nijsten T. The effect of single phlebectomies of a large varicose tributary on great saphenous vein reflux. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2014;2(2):179-187. 
  367. Pittaluga P, Chastanet S, Locret T, Barbe R. The Effect of Isolated Phlebectomy on Reflux and Diameter of the Great Saphenous Vein: A Prospective Study*. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;40(1):122-128. 
  368. Pittaluga P, Chastanet S, Rea B, Barbe R. Midterm results of the surgical treatment of varices by phlebectomy with conservation of a refluxing saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50(1):107-118. 
  369. Zolotukhin IA, Seliverstov EI, Zakharova EA, Kirienko AI. Isolated Phlebectomy Leads to Disappearance of Great Saphenous Vein Reflux. Flebologiia. 2016;10(1):8.  https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo20161018-16
  370. Richards T, Anwar M, Beshr M, Davies AH, Onida S. Systematic review of ambulatory selective variceal ablation under local anesthetic technique for the treatment of symptomatic varicose veins. J Vasc surgery Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(2):525-535. 
  371. Zolotukhin IA, Seliverstov EI, Zakharova EA, Kirienko AI. Short-term results of isolated phlebectomy with preservation of incompetent great saphenous vein (ASVAL procedure) in primary varicose veins disease. Phlebology. 2017;32(9):601-607. 
  372. Mirakhmedova SA, Seliverstov E, Zakharova EA, Efremova O, Zolotukhin IA. 5-Year Results of ASVAL Procedure in Patients with Primary Varicose Veins. Flebologiia. 2020;14:107.  https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo202014021107
  373. De Roos KP, Nieman FHM, Martino Neumann HA. Ambulatory phlebectomy versus compression sclerotherapy: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Dermatologic Surg. 2003;29(3):221-226. 
  374. Golbasi I, Turkay C, Erbasan O, Kemaloğlu C, Sanli S, Turkay M, Bayezid Ö. Endovenous laser with miniphlebectomy for treatment of varicose veins and effect of different levels of laser energy on recanalization. A single center experience. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(1):103-108. 
  375. Olivencia JA. Minimally invasive vein surgery: ambulatory phlebectomy. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;6(3):121-124. 
  376. Ramelet A-A. Phlebectomy. Technique, indications and complications. Int Angiol. 2002;21(2 suppl 1):46-51. 
  377. Kabnick LS, Ombrellino M. Ambulatory Phlebectomy. Semin Interv Radiol. 2005;22(03):218-224. 
  378. Almeida JI, Raines JK. Ambulatory phlebectomy in the office. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 2008;20:348-355. 
  379. Carr SC. Update on Venous Procedures Performed in the Office Setting. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 2009;21(1):21-26. 
  380. Brake M, Lim CS, Shepherd AC, Shalhoub J, Davies AH. Pathogenesis and etiology of recurrent varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57(3):860-868. 
  381. O’Donnell TF, Balk EM, Dermody M, Tangney E, Iafrati MD. Recurrence of varicose veins after endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein in randomized trials. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(1):97-105. 
  382. Rass K, Frings N, Glowacki P. Same Site Recurrence is More Frequent After Endovenous Laser Ablation Compared with High Ligation and Stripping of the Great Saphenous Vein: 5 year Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (RELACS Study). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;5(50):648-656. 
  383. Labropoulos N, Touloupakis E, Giannoukas AD, Leon M, Katsamouris A, Nicolaides AN. Recurrent varicose veins: investigation of the pattern and extent of reflux with color flow duplex scanning. Surgery. 1996;119(4):406-409. 
  384. De Maeseneer M, Pichot O, Cavezzi A, Earnshaw J, van Rij A, Lurie F, Smith PC; Union Internationale de Phlebologie. Duplex Ultrasound Investigation of the Veins of the Lower Limbs after Treatment for Varicose Veins — UIP Consensus Document. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;42(1):89-102. 
  385. Hayden A, Holdsworth J. Complications following re-exploration of the groin for recurrent varicose veins. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2001;83(4):272-273. 
  386. van Groenendael L, Flinkenflogel L, van der Vliet JA, Roovers EA, van Sterkenburg SMM, Reijnen MMPJ. Conventional surgery and endovenous laser ablation of recurrent varicose veins of the small saphenous vein: a retrospective clinical comparison and assessment of patient satisfaction. Phlebology. 2010;25(3):151-157. 
  387. Hinchliffe RJ, Ubhi J, Beech A, Ellison J, Braithwaite BD. A prospective randomised controlled trial of VNUS closure versus surgery for the treatment of recurrent long saphenous varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31(2):212-218. 
  388. Creton D, Uhl JF. Foam sclerotherapy combined with surgical treatment for recurrent varicose veins: short term results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33(5):619-624. 
  389. Perrin M, Gillet J-L. Management of recurrent varices at the popliteal fossa after surgical treatment. Phlebology. 2008;23(2):64-68. 
  390. Pittaluga P, Chastanet S, Locret T, Rousset O. Retrospective evaluation of the need of a redo surgery at the groin for the surgical treatment of varicose vein. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(6):1442-1450.
  391. O’Meara S, Cullum N, Nelson EA, Dumville JC. Compression for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;11(11):CD000265. CD000265.pub3. PMID: 23152202; PMCID: PMC7068175. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
  392. Fletcher A, Cullum N, Sheldon T. Systematic review of compression treatment for venous leg ulcers. BMJ. 1997;315:576-580. 
  393. Ashby RL, Gabe R, Ali S, Adderley U, Bland JM, Cullum NA, Dumville JC, Iglesias CP, Kangombe AR, Soares MO, Stubbs NC, Torgerson DJ. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of compression hosiery versus compression bandages in treatment of venous leg ulcers (Venous leg Ulcer Study IV, VenUS IV): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9920):871-879. 
  394. Finlayson KJ, Courtney MD, Gibb MA, O’Brien JA, Parker CN, Edwards HE. The effectiveness of a four-layer compression bandage system in comparison with Class 3 compression hosiery on healing and quality of life in patients with venous leg ulcers: a randomised controlled trial. Int Wound J. 2014;11(1):21-27. 
  395. Milic DJ, Zivic SS, Bogdanovic DC, Jovanovic MM, Jankovic RJ, Milosevic ZD, Stamenkovic DM, Trenkic MS. The influence of different sub-bandage pressure values on venous leg ulcers healing when treated with compression therapy. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(3):655-661. 
  396. Vanscheidt W, Ukat A, Partsch H. Dose-response of compression therapy for chronic venous edema--higher pressures are associated with greater volume reduction: two randomized clinical studies. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49(2):395-402. 
  397. O’Donnell MJ, McRae S, Kahn SR, Julian JA, Kearon C, Mackinnon B, Magier D, Strulovich C, Lyons T, Robinson S, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS. Evaluation of a venous-return assist device to treat severe post-thrombotic syndrome (VENOPTS). A randomized controlled trial. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99(3):623-629. 
  398. Opletalová K, Blaizot X, Mourgeon B, Chêne Y, Creveuil C, Combemale P, Laplaud A-L, Sohyer-Lebreuilly I, Dompmartin A. Maggot therapy for wound debridement: a randomized multicenter trial. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(4):432-438. 
  399. Blumberg SN, Maggi J, Melamed J, Golinko M, Ross F, Chen W. A histopathologic basis for surgical debridement to promote healing of venous ulcers. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;215(6):751-757. 
  400. Williams D, Enoch S, Miller D, Harris K, Price P, Harding KG. Effect of sharp debridement using curette on recalcitrant nonhealing venous leg ulcers: a concurrently controlled, prospective cohort study. Wound repair Regen. 2005;13(2):131-137. 
  401. O’Meara SM, Cullum NA, Majid M, Sheldon TA. Systematic review of antimicrobial agents used for chronic wounds. Br J Surg. 2001;88(1):4-21. 
  402. Shimanko AI, Dibirov MD, Zubritsky VF, Zemlyanoy AB, Matveev DA, Tsuranov SV, Volkov AS, Shvydko VS, Maiorov AV, Tyurin DS, Magdiev AK, Gagai SP. The Combined Treatment of Trophic Ulcers of Venous Etiology. Flebologiia. 2017;11(2):91.  https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo201711291-95
  403. Gohel M, Barwell J, Taylor M, Chant T, Foy C, Earnshaw J, Heather B, Mitchell D, Whyman M, Poskitt K. Long term results of compression therapy alone versus compression plus surgery in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR). BMJ. 2007;335:83. 
  404. van Gent WB, Catarinella FS, Lam YL, Nieman FHM, Toonder IM, van der Ham AC, Wittens CHA. Conservative versus surgical treatment of venous leg ulcers: 10-year follow up of a randomized, multicenter trial. Phlebology. 2015;30(1 suppl):35-41. 
  405. Gohel MS, Heatley F, Liu X, Bradbury A, Bulbulia R, Cullum N, Epstein DM, Nyamekye I, Poskitt KR, Renton S, Warwick J, Davies AH. A Randomized Trial of Early Endovenous Ablation in Venous Ulceration. New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM/MMS). 2018;378(22):2105-2114.
  406. Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation of 13.06.2017 N 486n "On approval of the Procedure for developing and implementing an individual rehabilitation or habilitation program for a disabled person, an individual rehabilitation or habilitation program for a disabled child, issued by federal state institutions of medical and social expertise, and their forms" [Electronic resource].
  407. Caggiati A, De Maeseneer M, Cavezzi A, Mosti G, Morrison N. Rehabilitation of patients with venous diseases of the lower limbs: State of the art. Phlebology. 2018;33(10):663-671. 
  408. van Rij AM, De Alwis CS, Jiang P, Christie RA, Hill GB, Dutton SJ, Thomson IA. Obesity and impaired venous function. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35(6):739-744. 
  409. Mahapatra S, Pinjala RK, Gupta B, Anusha A, Para M. Correlation of obesity & comorbid conditions with chronic venous insufficiency: Results of a single-centre study. Indian J Med Res. 2018;147:471. 
  410. Davies HO, Popplewell M, Singhal R, Smith N, Bradbury AW. Obesity and lower limb venous disease — The epidemic of phlebesity. Phlebology. 2017;32(4):227-233. 
  411. Danielsson G, Eklof B, Grandinetti A, Kistner RL. The influence of obesity on chronic venous disease. Vasc. Endovascular Surg. 2002;36(4):271-276. 
  412. Nicolaides AN, Labropoulos N. Burden and Suffering in Chronic Venous Disease. Adv Ther. 2019;36(suppl 1):1-4. 
  413. Seidel AC, Belczak CEQ, Campos MB, Campos RB, Harada DS. The impact of obesity on venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2015;30(7):475-480. 
  414. Deol ZK, Lakhanpal S, Franzon G, Pappas PJ. Effect of obesity on chronic venous insufficiency treatment outcomes. J Vasc surgery Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(4):617-628. 
  415. Cavalheri GJ, de Godoy JMP, Belczak CEQ. Correlation of haemodynamics and ankle mobility with clinical classes of clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological classification in venous disease. Phlebology. 2008;23(3):120-124. 
  416. de Moura RMF, Gomes H de A, da Silva SLA, Britto RR, Dias RC. Analysis of the physical and functional parameters of older adults with chronic venous disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;55(3):696-701. 
  417. Yang D, Vandongen YK, Stacey MC. Effect of exercise on calf muscle pump function in patients with chronic venous disease. Br J Surg. 1999;86(3):338-341. 
  418. Cetin C, Serbest M.O, Ercan S, Yavuz T, Erdogan A. An evaluation of the lower extremity muscle strength of patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2016;31(3):203-208. 
  419. Padberg FTJ, Johnston MV, Sisto SA. Structured exercise improves calf muscle pump function in chronic venous insufficiency: a randomized trial. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39(1):79-87. 
  420. O’Brien J, Edwards H, Stewart I, Gibbs H. A home-based progressive resistance exercise programme for patients with venous leg ulcers: a feasibility study. Int Wound J. 2013;10(4):389-396. 
  421. Iida H, Nakajima T, Kurano M, Yasuda T, Sakamaki M, Sato Y, Yamasoba T, Abe T. Effects of walking with blood flow restriction on limb venous compliance in elderly subjects. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2011;31(6):472-476. 
  422. Back TL, Padberg FTJ, Araki CT, Thompson PN, Hobson RW. 2nd. Limited range of motion is a significant factor in venous ulceration. J Vasc Surg. 1995;22(5):519-523. 
  423. Shiman MI, Pieper B, Templin TN, Birk TJ, Patel AR, Kirsner RS. Venous ulcers: A reappraisal analyzing the effects of neuropathy, muscle involvement, and range of motion upon gait and calf muscle function. Wound Repair Regen. 2009;17(2):147-152. 
  424. Ercan S, Çetin C, Yavuz T, Demir HM, Atalay YB. Effects of isokinetic calf muscle exercise program on muscle strength and venous function in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2018;33(4):261-266. 
  425. Gürdal Karakelle S, Ipek Y, Tulin O, Alpagut İU. The efficiency of exercise training in patients with venous insufficiency: A double blinded, randomized controlled trial. Phlebology. 2021;268355520985759.
  426. Araujo DN, Ribeiro CT, Maciel AC, Bruno SS, Fregonezi GA, Dias F. Al. Physical exercise for the treatment of non-ulcerated chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2016;12(12):CD010637.
  427. Gianesini S, Tessari M, Bacciglieri P, Malagoni AM, Menegatti E, Occhionorelli S, Basaglia N, Zamboni P. A specifically designed aquatic exercise protocol to reduce chronic lower limb edema. Phlebology. 2017;32(9):594-600. 
  428. Hartmann B, Drews B, Bassenge E. Venous capacity and venous outflow in healthy patients and patients with chronic venous insufficiency before and following swimming in 34 degree C warm water. Vasa Suppl. 1991;32:443-445. 
  429. Forestier RJ, Briancon G, Francon A, Erol FB, Mollard JM. Balneohydrotherapy in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Vasa. 2014;43(5):365-371. 
  430. de Moraes Silva MA, Nakano LC, Cisneros LL, Miranda FJ. Balneotherapy for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2019;8(8):CD013085.
  431. Becker BE. Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications. PMR. 2009;1(9):859-872. 
  432. Caggiati A, Lattimer C, Kalodiki E, Oberto S, Bergamo G, Kontothanassis D. Underwater Sonography of Leg Veins. EJVES Short Reports. 2018;41:13-15. 
  433. Bender T, Karagülle Z, Bálint GP, Gutenbrunner C, Bálint PV, Sukenik S. Hydrotherapy, balneotherapy, and spa treatment in pain management. Rheumatol Int. 2005;25(3):220-224. 
  434. Menegatti E, Masiero S, Zamboni P, Avruscio G, Tessari M, Pagani A, Gianesini S. Randomized controlled trial on Dryland And Thermal Aquatic standardized exercise protocol for chronic venous disease (DATA study). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 Sep;9(5):1226-1234.e2. Epub 2021 Jan 9. PMID: 33429093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.12.078
  435. Carpentier PH, Blaise S, Satger B, Genty C, Rolland C, Roques C, Bosson J-L. A multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluating balneotherapy in patients with advanced chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59(2):447-454. 
  436. Nelson EA, Hillman A, Thomas K. Intermittent pneumatic compression for treating venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014:5. 
  437. Mohamed WAI, Badr NM, Fouad BE, Alaal MEMA. Efficacy of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression on Blood Flow in Patient with Varicose Veins. Arch Pharm Pract. 2020;11(2):149-153. 
  438. Yamany A, Hamdy B. Effect of sequential pneumatic compression therapy on venous blood velocity, refilling time, pain and quality of life in women with varicose veins: a randomized control study. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(7):1981-1987.
  439. Bogachev VY, Lobanov VN, Golovanova OV, Kuznetsov AN, Yershov PV. Electrical muscle stimulation with Veinoplus device in the treatment of venous ulcers. Int Angiol. 2015;34(3):257-262. 
  440. Le Tohic A, Bastian H, Pujo M, Beslot P, Mollard R, Madelenat P. Effects of electrostimulation (Veinoplus) on lower limbs venous insufficiency-related symptoms during pregnancy. Preliminary study. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2009;37(1):18-24. 
  441. Bogachev VY, Golovanova OV, Kuznetsov AN, Shekoyan AO, Bogacheva NV. Electromuscular stimulation with VEINOPLUS for the treatment of chronic venous edema. Int Angiol. 2011;30(6):567-590. 
  442. Jeran M, Zaffuto S, Moratti A, Bagnacani M, Cadossi R. Pemf Stimulation of Skin Ulcers of Venous Origin in Humans Preliminary Report of a Double Blind Study. J Bioelectr. 1987;6(2):181-188. 
  443. Kenkre JE, Hobbs FDR, Carter YH, Holder RL, Holmes EP. A randomized controlled trial of electromagnetic therapy in the primary care management of venous leg ulceration. Fam Pract. 1996;13(3):236-241. 
  444. Ieran M, Zaffuto S, Bagnacani M, Annovi M, Moratti A, Cadossi R. Effect of low frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields on skin ulcers of venous origin in humans: A double-blind study. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(2):276-282. 
  445. Alekseenko AV, Gusak VV. Treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities using a magnetic field. Klin Khir. 1991;7:60-63. 
  446. Kulchitskaya DB. Laser Doppler flowmetry in assessing the effectiveness of magnetic stimulation in patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities. Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation. 2010;9(1):13-15.  (In Russ.).
  447. Flemming K, Cullum N. Laser therapy for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD001182.
  448. Kopera D, Kokol R, Berger C, Haas J. Low level laser: does it influence wound healing in venous leg ulcers? A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152(6):1368-1370.
  449. Gavrilenko AV, Musaev MM, Vakhratyan PE. Laser technologies in treatment of trophic ulcers of venous etiology. Laser Medicine. 2015;19(4):58-62. (In Russ.).
  450. Katorkin SE, Zhukov AA, Melnikov MA, Kushnarchuk MA. Combined treatment of trophic ulcers in chronic diseases of lower limb veins. Laser Medicine. 2015;19(3):23-28.  (In Russ.).
  451. Lagan KM, Mc Donough SM, Clements BA, Baxter GD. A case report of low intensity laser therapy (LILT) in the management of venous ulceration: potential effects of wound debridement upon efficacy. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2000;18(1):15-22. 
  452. Konchugova TV, Askhadulin EV, Kulchitskaya DB, Fesyun AD, Melnikova EA, Nikitin MV. The effectiveness of combined laser therapy in patients with trophic leg ulcer and chronic venous insufficiency. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter i Lech Fiz kul’tury. 2020;97(5):45.  https://doi.org/10.17116/kurort20209705145
  453. Johannsen F, Gam AN, Karlsmark T. Ultrasound therapy in chronic leg ulceration: a meta-analysis. Wound repair Regen. 1998;6(2):121-126. 
  454. Al-Kurdi D, Bell-Syer SEM, Flemming K. Therapeutic ultrasound for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2008;1:CD001180.
  455. Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2019 № 173n "On approval of the order of dispensary observation of adults" [Electronic resource].
  456. Mosti G, Mattaliano V, Partsch H. Inelastic compression increases venous ejection fraction more than elastic bandages in patients with superficial venous reflux. Phlebology. 2008;23(6):287-294. 
  457. O’Brien JF, Grace PA, Perry IJ, Hannigan A, Clarke Moloney M, Burke PE. Randomized clinical trial and economic analysis of four-layer compression bandaging for venous ulcers. Br J Surg. 2003;90(7):794-798. 
  458. García-Gimeno M, Rodríguez-Camarero S, Tagarro-Villalba S, Ramalle-Gomara E, Ajona García JA, González Arranz MA, López García D, González-González E, Vaquero Puerta C. Reflux patterns and risk factors of primary varicose veins’ clinical severity. Phlebology. 2013;28(3):153-161. 
  459. Ismail L, Normahani P, Standfield NJ, Jaffer U. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk for development of varicose veins in women with a history of pregnancy. J. Vasc. surgery. Venous Lymphat. Disord. United States. 2016;4(4):518-524.e1. 
  460. Engelhorn CA, Cassou MF, Engelhorn AL, Salles-Cunha SX. Does the number of pregnancies affect patterns of great saphenous vein reflux in women with varicose veins? Phlebology. England, 2010;25(4):190-195. 
  461. Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, Karanicolas PJ, Arcelus JI, Heit JA, Samama CM. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S. 

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.