Anxiety and related disorders are the most common type of mental disorders in both the general population and the neurological clinic. A current typology of anxiety disorders includes panic disorder, agoraphobia, simple (specific) phobias, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders often accompany diseases of the nervous system, worsen their course and impede treatment, and the degree of anxiety usually corresponds to the severity of neurological symptoms. Anxiety may precede brain diseases, but the answer to the question of whether it contributes to these diseases or predicts them or can be an early manifestation of these diseases requires further studies. Modern approaches to the treatment of anxiety involve the use of benzodiazepines, antidepressants, some mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, as well as psychological interventions.