The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-4329
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2026
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Malashenkova I.K.

National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow

Krynskiy S.A.

National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow

Ogurtsov D.P.

Research Institute of physical-chemical medicine, Moscow

Mamoshina M.V.

Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia

Zakharova N.V.

I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Ushakov V.L.

Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia

Velichkovsky B.M.

Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia

Didkovsky N.A.

Research Institute of physical-chemical medicine, Moscow

A role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia

Authors:

Malashenkova I.K., Krynskiy S.A., Ogurtsov D.P., Mamoshina M.V., Zakharova N.V., Ushakov V.L., Velichkovsky B.M., Didkovsky N.A.

More about the authors

Journal: S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2018;118(12): 72‑80

DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811812172

Read: 5068 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

A ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
A ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

To cite this article:

Malashenkova IK, Krynskiy SA, Ogurtsov DP, et al. A role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2018;118(12):72‑80. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201811812172

Подписка 2026 Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова (S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry)
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Cyto­kine status of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(4-2):5-12
A comprehensive study of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in plasma and cere­brospinal fluid. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(4-2):43-53
Prospects for treating Alzheimer’s disease. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(4-2):54-60
Analysis of cognitive status in patients with different noso­logies and clinical variants of very late mani­festing schi­zophreniform psychosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(4-2):88-93
Modern concepts of sleep disturbances asso­ciated with mental diso­rders. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(6):7-12
Asso­ciation of cortisol levels with psychopathological features of depression and therapeutic response in female patients. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(6):45-54
Proinflammatory cyto­kines — as a marker of the effe­ctiveness of neuroprotection in children with peri­natal nervous system damage. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(6):62-66
Study of serum cyto­kine concentration in primary patients with gastric cancer. P.A. Herzen Journal of Onco­logy. 2025;(2):25-29
Asso­ciations of gene­tic poly­morphisms in key inflammatory response genes with the risk of chro­nic apical periodontitis deve­lopment. Russian Journal of Stomatology. 2025;(2):52-56
Myokines — the cardiometabolic risk pote­ntial biomarkers. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2025;(7):119-126
Abstract:

The review addresses immunological aspects of schizophrenia, a multifactor disease caused by genetic factors, innate disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), including the consequences of perinatal hypoxia and infections, and adverse environmental influences. Neuroinflammation as a part of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is characterized by the higher transcription of CNS inflammatory mediators, excessive activation of microglia, inhibition of glutamatergic receptors that leads to the decrease in the number of cortical synapses and neuronal apoptosis. The authors discuss a role of genetic polymorphisms of cytokine genes, complement system components etc. The literature data on the changes in systemic immune response and imbalance in Th1/Th2 adaptive immune responses are analyzed as well. Some papers showed higher levels of proinflammatory mediators in CSF and blood of patients with schizophrenia that indicated the involvement of blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The authors present the recent data on BBB dysfunction in schizophrenia and its role in the pathogenesis of the disease, autoimmunity in patients comparing it with immune activation and genetic predisposition. An important and arguable issues about a role of parasite and viral infections in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, initiation of immune responses and direct impacts on the brain, an influence of antipsychotic treatment on immunity are discussed. In author’s opinion, conflicting results of genetic and immunological studies of schizophrenia may be explained by different methodological approaches to selection of patients and healthy controls and the differences in schizophrenia classification.

Keywords:

immunogenetics
neuroinflammation
cytokines
schizophrenia

Authors:

Malashenkova I.K.

National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow

Krynskiy S.A.

National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow

Ogurtsov D.P.

Research Institute of physical-chemical medicine, Moscow

Mamoshina M.V.

Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia

Zakharova N.V.

I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Ushakov V.L.

Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia

Velichkovsky B.M.

Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia

Didkovsky N.A.

Research Institute of physical-chemical medicine, Moscow

Close metadata

References:

  1. Dickinson D, Ramsey ME, Gold JM. Overlooking the obvious: a meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(5):532-542. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.532
  2. Gurovich I, Lyubov E. The economic burden of schizophrenia in Russia. European Psychiatry. 2002;17:149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(02)80648-4
  3. Cannon TD, van Erp TG, Rosso IM, Huttunen M, Lönnqvist J, Pirkola T, Salonen O, Valanne L, Poutanen VP, Standertskjöld-Nordenstam CG. Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(1):35-41. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.1.35
  4. Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC. Schizophrenia and the neurodevelopmental continuum:evidence from genomics. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):227-235. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20440
  5. Wolf DH, Turetsky BI, Loughead J, Elliott MA, Pratiwadi R, Gur RE, Gur RC. Auditory oddball fMRI in schizophrenia: association of negative symptoms with regional hypoactivation to novel distractors. Brain Imaging Behav. 2008;2:132-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-008-9022-7
  6. Gur RE, Gur RC. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(3):333-343. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181978/
  7. Mitelman SA, Bralet MC, Mehmet Haznedar M, Hollander E, Shihabuddin L, Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS. Positron emission tomography assessment of cerebral glucose metabolic rates in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018;12(2):532-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-017-9721-z
  8. Salavati B, Rajji TK, Price R, Sun Y, Graff-Guerrero A, Daskalakis ZJ. Imaging-based neurochemistry in schizophrenia: a systematic review and implications for dysfunctional long-term potentiation. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(1):44-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu132
  9. Goldsmith DR, Rapaport MH, Miller BJ. A meta-analysis of blood cytokine network alterations in psychiatric patients: comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(12):1696-1709. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.3
  10. Miller BJ, Buckley P, Seabolt W, Mellor A, Kirkpatrick B. Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(7):663-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.013
  11. Potvin S, Stip E, Sepehry AA, Gendron A, Bah R, Kouassi E. Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: a systematic quantitative review. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(8):801-808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.024
  12. International Schizophrenia Consortium, Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O’Donovan MC, Sullivan PF, Sklar P. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature. 2009;460(7256):748-752. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08185
  13. Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study Consortium. Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat Genet. 2011;43(10):969-976. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.940
  14. Chan MK, Cooper JD, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Frank J, Witt SH, Nöthen MM, Steiner J, Rietschel M, Bahn S. Associations between SNPs and immune-related circulating proteins in schizophrenia. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):12586. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12986-0
  15. Allen NC, Bagade S, McQueen MB, Ioannidis JP, Kavvoura FK, Khoury MJ, Tanzi RE, Bertram L. Systematic Meta-Analyses and Field Synopsis of Genetic Association Studies in Schizophrenia: The SzGene Database. Nat Genet. 2008;40(7):827-834. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.171
  16. Liu J, Li M, Su B. GWAS-identified schizophrenia risk SNPs at TSPAN18 are highly diverged between Europeans and East Asians. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2016;171(8):1032-1040. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32471
  17. Murdoch JD, Speed WC, Pakstis AJ, Heffelfinger CE, Kidd KK. Worldwide population variation and haplotype analysis at the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 and implications for association studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(12):879-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.006
  18. Luo X-J, Mattheisen M, Li M, Huang L, Rietschel M, Børglum AD, Als TD7, van den Oord EJ, Aberg KA, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Luo Z, Degenhardt F, Cichon S, Schulze TG, Nöthen MM; iPSYCH-GEMS SCZ working group; MooDS SCZ Consortium, Su B, Zhao Z1, Gan L, Yao YG. Systematic Integration of Brain eQTL and GWAS Identifies ZNF323 as a Novel Schizophrenia Risk Gene and Suggests Recent Positive Selection Based on Compensatory Advantage on Pulmonary Function. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(6):1294-1308. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv017
  19. Ruzzo EK, Geschwind DH. Schizophrenia genetics complements its mechanistic understanding. Nat Neurosci. 2016;19(4):523-525. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4277
  20. Sekar A, Bialas AR, de Rivera H, Davis A, Hammond TR, Kamitaki N, Tooley K, Presumey J, Baum M, Van Doren V, Genovese G, Rose SA, Handsaker RE; Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Daly MJ, Carroll MC, Stevens B, McCarroll SA. Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4. Nature. 2016;530(7589):177-183. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16549
  21. Schafer DP, Lehrman EK, Kautzman AG, Koyama R, Mardinly AR, Yamasaki R, Ransohoff RM, Greenberg ME, Barres BA, Stevens B. Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron. 2012;74(4):691-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026
  22. Dickerson F, Boronow J, Stallings C, Origoni A, Yolken R. The lymphotoxin Cys13Arg polymorphism and cognitive functioning in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2007;89(1-3):173-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.015
  23. Jouan J, Golmard L, Benhamouda N, Durrleman N, Golmard JL, Ceccaldi R, Trinquart L, Fabiani JN, Tartour E, Jeunemaitre X, Menasché P. Gene polymorphisms and cytokine plasma levels as predictive factors of complications after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144(2):467-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.12.022
  24. Li X, Zhang W, Lencz T, Darvasi A, Alkelai A, Lerer B, Jiang HY, Zhang DF, Yu L, Xu XF, Li M, Yao YG. Common variants of IRF3 conferring risk of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;64:67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.008
  25. Srinivas L, Vellichirammal NN, Alex AM, Nair C, Nair IV, Banerjee M. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and their epistatic interactions in genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-016-0569-8
  26. García-Bueno B, Gassó P, MacDowell KS, Callado LF, Mas S, Bernardo M, Lafuente A, Meana JJ, Leza JC. Evidence of Activation of the Toll-like Receptor-4 Proinflammatory Pathway in Patients with Schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 2016;41(3):46-55. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150195
  27. Mak M, Misiak B, Frydecka D, Pełka-Wysiecka J, Kucharska-Mazur J, Samochowiec A, Bieńkowski P, Pawlak-Adamska E, Karabon L, Szmida E, Skiba P, Kotowicz K, Piotrowski P, Beszłej JA, Samochowiec J. Polymorphisms in immune-inflammatory response genes and the risk of deficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018;193:359-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.050
  28. Isitmangil G, Gurleyik G, Aker FV, Coskun C, Kucukhuseyin O, Arikan S, Turan S, Talu CK, Dogan MB, Farooqi AA, Yaylim I. Association of CTLA4 and CD28 Gene Variants and Circulating Levels of Their Proteins in Patients with Breast Cancer. In Vivo. 2016;30(4):485-493. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Association+of+CTLA4+and+CD28+Gene+Variants+and+Circulating+Levels+of+Their+Proteins+in+Patients+with+Breast+Cancer
  29. Schwarz MJ, Krönig H, Riedel M, Dehning S, Douhet A, Spellmann I., Ackenheil M, Möller HJ, Müller N. IL-2 and IL-4 polymorphisms as candidate genes in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;256(2):72-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0603-9
  30. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511(7510):421-427. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13595
  31. Frydecka D, Misiak B, Beszlej JA, Karabon L, Pawlak-Adamska E, Tomkiewicz A, Partyka A, Jonkisz A, Kiejna A. Genetic variants in transforming growth factor-β gene (TGFB1) affect susceptibility to schizophrenia. Mol Biol Rep. 2013;40(10):5607-5614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-013-2662-8
  32. Craddock RM, Lockstone HE, Rider DA, Wayland MT, Harris LJV, McKenna PJ, Bahn S. Altered T-Cell Function in Schizophrenia: A Cellular Model to Investigate Molecular Disease Mechanisms. PLoS One. 2007;2(8):e692. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000692
  33. Zozulya SA, Oleichik IV, Androsova LV, Otman IN, Sarmanova ZV, Stolyarov SA, Bizyaeva AS, Yunilainen OA, Klyushnik TP. Monitoring trend of endogenous psychoses by immunological parameters. Psikhicheskoye Zdorovie. 2017;15(1):11-18. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28371975
  34. Klyushnik TP, Androsova LV, Zozulya SA, Otman IN, Nikitina VB, Vetlugina TP. Comparative analysis of inflammatory markers in endogenous and non-psychotic mental disorders. Sibirskii Vestnik Psikhiatrii i Narkologii. 2018;2(99):64-69. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26617/1810-3111-2018-2(99)-64-69
  35. Drexhage RC, Padmos RC, de Wit H, Versnel MA, Hooijkaas H, van der Lely AJ, van Beveren N, deRijk RH, Cohen D. Patients with schizophrenia show raised serum levels of the pro-inflammatory chemokine CCL2: Association with the metabolic syndrome in patients? Schizophrenia Research. 2008;102(1):352-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.018
  36. Noto C, Maes M, Ota VK, Teixeira AL, Bressan RA, Gadelha A, Brietzke E. High predictive value of immune-inflammatory biomarkers for schizophrenia diagnosis and association with treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015;27:1-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2015.1062552
  37. Siegel BI, Sengupta EJ, Edelson JR, Lewis DA, Volk DW. Elevated Viral Restriction Factor Levels in Cortical Blood Vessels in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76(2):160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.019
  38. Volk DW, Chitrapu A, Edelson JR, Roman KM, Moroco AE, Lewis DA. Molecular mechanisms and timing of cortical immune activation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(11):1112-1121. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15010019
  39. Debnath M. Adaptive Immunity in Schizophrenia: Functional Implications of T Cells in the Etiology, Course and Treatment. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2015;10(4):610-619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-015-9626-9
  40. Miller BJ, Gassama B, Sebastian D, Buckley P, Mellor A. Meta-analysis of lymphocytes in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(10):993-999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.007
  41. Steiner J, Jacobs R, Panteli B, Brauner M, Schiltz K, Bahn S, Herberth M, Westphal S, Gos T, Walter M, Bernstein HG, Myint AM, Bogerts B. Acute schizophrenia is accompanied by reduced T cell and increased B cell immunity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;260(7):509-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-010-0098-x
  42. Fernandes BS, Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Dodd S, Pasco JA, Dean OM, Nardin P, Gonçalves CA, Berk M. C-reactive protein is increased in schizophrenia but is not altered by antipsychotics:meta-analysis and implications. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(4):554-564. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.87
  43. Johnsen E, Fathian F, Kroken RA, Steen VM, Jørgensen HA, Gjestad R, Løberg EM. The serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with cognitive performance in acute phase psychosis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0769-x
  44. Androsova LV, Mikhailova N., Zozulya SA, Dupin AM, Klyushnik TP. Inflammatory markers in schizophrenia in aged. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2014;114(12-1):60-64. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201411412160-64
  45. Müller N, Riedel M, Ackenheil M, Schwarz MJ. Cellular and humoral immune system in schizophrenia: a conceptual re-evaluation. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2000;1(4):173-179. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cellular+and+humoral+immune+system+in+schizophrenia%3A+a+conceptual+re-evaluation
  46. Kronig H, Riedel M, Schwarz MJ, Strassnig M, Moller HJ, Ackenheil M, Muller N. ICAM G241A polymorphism and soluble ICAM-1 serum levels: evidence for an active immune process in schizophrenia. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2005;12(1):54-59. https://doi.org/10.1159/000082364
  47. Chiang SS, Riedel M, Schwarz M, Mueller N. Is T-helper type 2 shift schizophrenia-specific? Primary results from a comparison of related psychiatric disorders and healthy controls. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67(4):228-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12040
  48. De Campos-Carli SM, Miranda AS, Dias IC, de Oliveira A, Cruz BF, Vieira ÉL, Rocha NP, Barbosa IG, Salgado JV, Teixeira AL. Serum levels of interleukin-33 and its soluble form receptor (sST2) are associated with cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;74:96-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.01.008
  49. Musso T, Gusella GL, Brooks A, Longo DL, Varesio L. Interleukin-4 inhibits indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in human monocytes. Blood. 1994;83(5):1408-1411. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Interleukin-4+inhibits+indoleamine+2%2C3-dioxygenase+expression+in+human+monocytes
  50. Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Nilsson L, Linderholm K, Engberg G. The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia. Physiol Behav. 2007;92(1-2):203-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.025
  51. Müller N, Krause D, Weidinger E, Schwarz M. [Immunological treatment options for schizophrenia] [Article in German]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2014;82(4):210-219. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1355776
  52. Myint AM, Kim YK. Network beyond IDO in psychiatric disorders: revisiting neurodegeneration hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;48:304-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.008
  53. Wang AK, Miller BJ. Meta-analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine and Tryptophan Catabolite Alterations in Psychiatric Patients: Comparisons Between Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Depression. Schizophr Bull. 2017;44(1):75-83. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx035
  54. Flis M, Szymona K, Morylowska-Topolska J, Urbańska A, Krukow P, Kandefer-Szerszeń M, Zdzisińska B, Urbańska EM, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. [The kynurenic acid hypothesis — a new look at etiopathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia]. [Article in Polish]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2016;41(243):160-164. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=The+kynurenic+acid+hypothesis+-+a+new+look+at+etiopathogenesis+and+treatment+of+schizophrenia
  55. Adam AJ, Al-Diwani AAJ, Pollak TA, Irani SR, Lennox BR. Psychosis: an autoimmune disease? Immunology. 2017;152(3):388-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12795
  56. Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, Mors O, Chen CY, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB. Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(3):521-528. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521
  57. Pollak TA, Beck K, Irani SR, Howes OD, David AS, McGuire PK. Autoantibodies to central nervous system neuronal surface antigens: psychiatric symptoms and psychopharmacological implications. Psychopharmacology. 2015;233(9):1605-1621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4156-y
  58. Orlova VA, Mikhailova II, Minutko VL, Simonova AV. Abnormal levels of serum autoantibodies to neuronal antigens in schizophrenic patients: multiparameter immunologic evaluation. Sotsialnaya i Klinicheskaya Psikhiatriya. 2016;26(1):12-20. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24933530
  59. Jezequel J, Johansson EM, Leboyer M, Groc L. Pathogenicity of Antibodies against NMDA Receptor: Molecular Insights into Autoimmune Psychosis. Trends in Neurosciences. 2018;pii:S0166-2236(18)30115-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.002
  60. Malavia TA, Chaparala S, Wood J, Chowdari K, Prasad KM, McClain L, Jegga AG, Ganapathiraju MK, Nimgaonkar VL. Generating testable hypotheses for schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis by integrating epidemiological, genomic, and protein interaction data. NPJ Schizophr. 2017;3:11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-017-0010-z
  61. Brown AS, Derkits EJ. Prenatal Infection and Schizophrenia: A Review of Epidemiologic and Translational Studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(3):261-280. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030361
  62. Brown AS, Begg MD, Gravenstein S, Schaefer CA, Wyatt RJ, Bresnahan M, Babulas VP, Susser ES. Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(8):774-780. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.774
  63. Canetta S, Sourander A, Surcel HM, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Leiviskä J, Kellendonk C, McKeague IW, Brown AS. Elevated Maternal C-Reactive Protein is Associated with Increased Risk of Schizophrenia in a National Birth Cohort. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(9):960-968. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.1312157
  64. Buka SL, Tsuang MT, Torrey EF, Klebanoff MA, Wagner RL, Yolken RH. Maternal cytokine levels during pregnancy and adult psychosis. Brain Behav Immun. 2001;15(4):411-420. https://doi.org/10.1006/brbi.2001.0644
  65. Brown AS, Schaefer CA, Quesenberry CP, Shen L, Susser ES. No Evidence of Relation Between Maternal Exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Risk of Schizophrenia? American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163(12):2178-2180. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2178
  66. Yolken RH, Torrey EF. Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8(1):131-145. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15.%09ROBERT+H.+YOLKEN1*+AND+E.+FULLER+TORREY2+Viruses%2C+Schizophrenia%2C+and+Bipolar+Disorder
  67. Fellerhoff B, Laumbacher B, Mueller N, Gu S, Wank R. Associations between Chlamydophila infections, schizophrenia and risk of HLA-A10. Molecular Psychiatry. 2006;12(3):264-272. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001925
  68. Fellerhoff B, Wank R. Increased prevalence of Chlamydophila DNA in post-mortem brain frontal cortex from patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2011;129(2-3):191-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.015
  69. Fellerhoff B, Laumbacher B, Wank R. High risk of schizophrenia and other mental disorders associated with chlamydial infections: Hypothesis to combine drug treatment and adoptive immunotherapy. Medical Hypotheses. 2005;65(2):243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.03.013
  70. Schretlen DJ, Vannorsdall TD, Winicki JM, Mushtaq Y, Hikida T, Sawa A, Yolken RH, Dickerson FB, Cascella NG. Neuroanatomic and cognitive abnormalities related to herpes simplex virus type 1 in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2010;118(1-3):224-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.008
  71. Nicolson GL, Haier J. Role of Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative, Neurobehavioural, Psychiatric, Autoimmune and Fatiguing Illnesses: Part 2. British Journal of Medical Practitioners. 2010;3(1):301-311. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235918043_Role_of_Chronic_Bacterial_and_Viral_Infections_in_Neurodegenerative_Neurobehavioural_Psychiatric_Autoimmune_and_Fatiguing_Illnesses_Part_2
  72. Kannan G, Pletnikov MV. Toxoplasma gondii and Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: An Animal Model Perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2012;38(6):1155-1161. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs079
  73. De Campos-Carli SM, Marciano Vieira EL, Rocha NP, Oliveira K, Guimarães FK, Barbosa IG, Barros JL, Okusaga O, Martins-Filho OA, Salgado JV, Teixeira AL. Toxoplasma gondii infection and chronic schizophrenia: is there any association? Archives of Clinical Psychiatry. 2017;44(6):145-148. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000140
  74. Yolken R, Torrey EF, Dickerson F. Evidence of increased exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with recent onset psychosis but not with established schizophrenia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(11):e0006040. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006040.
  75. Sutterland AL, Fond G, Kuin A, Koeter MW, Lutter R, van Gool T, Yolken R, Szoke A, Leboyer M, de Haan L. Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2015;132(3):161-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12423
  76. Kim JJ. Viral Infections as Etiological Factors of Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Investigation. 2007;4:61-65. http://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/upload/pdf/0502007014.pdf
  77. Esiri MM. Herpes simplex encephalitis. An immunohistological study of the distribution of viral antigen within the brain. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1982;54(2):209-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(82)90183-6
  78. Damasio AR, Eslinger PJ, Damasio H, Van Hoesen GW, Cornell S. Multimodal amnesic syndrome following bilateral temporal and basal forebrain damage. Arch Neurol. 1985;42(3):252-2599. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1985.04060030070012
  79. Prasad KM, Eack SM, Goradia D, Pancholi KM, Keshavan MS, Yolken RH, et al. Progressive Gray Matter Loss and Changes in Cognitive Functioning Associated With Exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus 1 in Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal Study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2011;168(8):822-830. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10101423
  80. Schretlen DJ, Vannorsdall TD, Winicki JM, Mushtaq Y, Hikida T, Sawa A, et al. Neuroanatomic and cognitive abnormalities related to herpes simplex virus type 1 in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2010;118(1-3):224-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.008
  81. Shirts BH, Kim JJ, Reich S, Dickerson FB, Yolken RH, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL. Polymorphisms in MICB are associated with human herpes virus seropositivity and schizophrenia risk. Schizophr Res. 2007;94(1-3):342-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.021
  82. Dickerson FB, Boronow JJ, Stallings C, Origoni AE, Ruslanova I, Yolken RH. Association of serum antibodies to herpes simplex virus 1 with cognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(5):466-472. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.466
  83. De Witte LD, van Mierlo HC, Litjens M, Klein HC, Bahn S, Osterhaus AD; GROUP Investigators. The association between antibodies to neurotropic pathogens and schizophrenia: a case-control study. NPJ Schizophr. 2015; 1:15041. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjschz.2015.41
  84. Houenou J, d’Albis MA, Daban C, Hamdani N, Delavest M, Lepine JP, Vederine FE, Carde S, Lajnef M, Cabon C, Dickerson F, Yolken RH, Tamouza R, Poupon C, Leboyer M. Cytomegalovirus seropositivity and serointensity are associated with hippocampal volume and verbal memory in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;48:142-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.003
  85. Yolken R. Viruses and schizophrenia: a focus on herpes simplex virus. Herpes. 2004;11S2:83-88. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319094
  86. Kealy J, Greenea C, Campbella M. Blood-brain barrier regulation in psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience Letters. 2018;pii:S0304-3940(18)30436-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.033
  87. Drzyzga L, Obuchowicz E, Marcinowska A, Herman ZS. Cytokines in schizophrenia and the effects of antipsychotic drugs. Brain Behav Immun. 2006;20(6):532-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2006.02.002
  88. Vetlugina TP, Nikitina VB, Lobacheva OA, Semke AV, Axenov MM, Lebedeva VF, Bokhan NA. Immunological criteria of prediction of course and therapy of mental disorders. Sibirskii Vestnik Psikhiatrii i Narkologii. 2016;2(91):10-14. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=26110144
  89. Cazzullo CL, Sacchetti E, Galluzzo A, Panariello A, Adorni A, Pegoraro M, Bosis S, Colombo F, Trabattoni D, Zagliani A, Clerici M. Cytokine profiles in schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone: a 3-month follow-up study. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002;26(1):33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00221-4
  90. Zhang XY, Zhou DF, Qi LY, Chen S, Cao LY, da Chen C, Xiu MH, Wang F, Wu GY, Lu L, Kosten TA, Kosten TR. Superoxide dismutase and cytokines in chronic patients with schizophrenia: association with psychopathology and response to antipsychotics. Psychopharmacology. 2009;204(1):177-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1447-6
  91. Kato T, Monji A, Hashioka S, Kanba S. Risperidone significantly inhibits interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation in vitro. Schizophr Res. 2007;92(1-3):108-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.019
  92. Al-Amin MM, Nasir Uddin MM, Mahmud Reza H. Effects of antipsychotics on the inflammatory response system of patients with schizophrenia in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2013;11(3):144-151. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2013.11.3.144
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.