This review considered studies that evaluated the efficacy and safety of using cell therapy in the treatment of patients with thin endometrium and Asherman syndrome accompanied by infertility. Asherman syndrome is a condition in which adhesions form in the uterine cavity, making pregnancy impossible. Thin endometrium is a condition in which the thickness of the mucous membrane at the time of ovulation is less than 7 mm, which negatively affects the pregnancy in natural fertilization and in the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). A promising method of treatment of patients with thin endometrium is the use of mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma. The authors conducted an electronic search for publications in the PubMed database from 2018 through May 2023. A cross-sectional search was performed for papers containing keywords or medical subject headings (MeSH) related to three broad categories: 1) cell technologies, 2) Asherman syndrome, and 3) thin endometrium. Further searches were performed manually. The studies we reviewed demonstrated the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of patients with refractory thin endometrium and Asherman syndrome. The available body of epidemiologic data has generally confirmed the beneficial effects of platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells on endometrial thickness. Larger and improved epidemiologic studies are needed to more adequately understand the efficacy and safety of cell-based technologies in infertile patients.