The objective of the present study was to improve diagnostics, treatment, and prophylaxis of congenital and hereditary chronic inflammatory diseases of parotid salivary glands in the children. Purposes. The follow-up examination of the children presenting with chronic parenchymatous parotitis (CPP) and their parents with the use of the ultrasonic techniques for the purpose of determining the indications for the ultrasound examination of the patients suffering from inflammatory diseases of the parotid salivary glands with the application of the contrast materials and without them. The secondary objective was to standardize the method for diagnostics of chronic non-specific parenchymatous parotitis in the children. Material and methods. The present study was carried out based at the Departments of Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgery and Radiodiagnostics, Stomatological Faculty, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov. The patients to be included in the study have been recruited since 2014. At present, a total of 77 children (28 boys and 49 girls) are available for continuous medical supervision and treatment including 56 ones admitted for the first time and 21 re-admitted patients with the diagnosis of chronic parenchymatous parotitis. Seven children had a different disorder, such as embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma, adenocarcinoma of the parotid salivary glands (PSG), lymphadenitis, salivary gland polycystosis, a foreign body (helminth) in the parotid salivary gland, primary chronic osteomyelitis of the body, angle, and ramus bone of the mandible. All the children included in the study underwent clinical, instrumental, and laboratory investigations at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Faculty, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov. The patients with the diagnosis of chronic parenchymatous parotitis were additionally examined with the use of the ultrasound technique at the Department of Radiodiagnostics of the same institution. The parents of these children were advised to undergo the ultrasound examination of parotid salivary glands, whether they had or had no complaints suggestive of the disease, with a view to demonstrating the hereditary character of the pathological changes, if any, in salivary gland parenchyma. Results. A total of 70 children at the age varying from 6 months to 14 years as well as 36 their parents underwent the ultrasound examination. All these subjects were found to have pathological changes in the parotid salivary glands. Three groups of the children and their parents differing in characteristic changes in the glands were formed based on the results of the ultrasound studies. Group 1 was comprised of the children and their parents presenting with chronic parenchymatous parotitis, Group 2 consisted of the children suffering from chronic parenchymatous parotitis and their parents with cystic cavities in the parotid salivary glands, group 3 was composed of the children with chronic parenchymatous parotitis and their parents showing diffuse changes in parotid salivary glands suggestive of sialadenosis. Thirty children of group 1 were found to have multiple visualizable cystic inclusions of up to 0.2 cm in size in the projection of parotid salivary gland parenchyma together with the somewhat dilated duct systems and markedly vascularized parenchyma. The similar US-picture was documented in 14 parents who, however, retained normal parenchymal vascularization. 29 children of group 2 had multiple visualizable cystic inclusions of up to 0.4 cm in size in the projection of the parotid salivary gland parenchyma. 12 parents of these patients had the duct systems moderately extended toward the gland capsule and a single unilateral cystic cavity. Eleven children of group 3 had multiple visualizable cystic inclusions with the inhomogeneous contents up to 0.6 cm in size in the projection of parotid salivary gland parenchyma together with the somewhat dilated duct systems. Ten parents of these children presented with the readily visualized parotid salivary glands having the even clear-cut contours with the inhomogeneous echogenic structure including hypoechogenic portions that extended from the gland capsule into the depth of parenchyma; their duct system could not be visualized and parenchymal vascularization was virtually unapparent while the US-picture of diffuse changes was suggestive of sialadenosis. Conclusion. All the children at the age varying from 6 months to 14 years had the clinical diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral chronic parenchymatous parotitis. Moreover, the ultrasound examination of all the parents of these patients made it possible to visualize and document various pathological changes in the parotid salivary glands. The results of the study provide a basis for the conclusion that chronic parenchymatous parotitis is a genetically predetermined heterogeneous condition which suggests the existence of the hereditary forms of this disease.