The objective of the present study was the elucidation of the dynamics of the level and profile of proinflammatory cytokines in the saliva of the children with adenoids and adenoiditis before and after adenoidectomy. The secondary objective was to evaluate the diagnostic significance of the approach based on cytokine dynamics measurements. Materials and methods. We measured the content of the tumor necrosis factor-α (ТNF-α), interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) in the saliva of 37 children with the use of the solid-phase immunoenzyme assay before and after adenoidectomy. Results. The study has demonstrated the significantly elevated initial content of IL-1β and IL-6 in the groups of the children presenting with adenoids and adenoiditis in comparison with the patients of the control group. In the early postoperative period, the level of TNF-α decreased in the children with adenoids while that of IL-6 increased in the patients of both groups. Discussion. The results of the study are in excellent agreement with the data reported by other authors who had also documented the enhanced production of cytokines including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, interferon-γ, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the children presenting with tonsillar hypertrophy (see, for instance, the work of K. Agren and co-workers). The diagnostic significance of the elevated level of IL-6 observed in our study in the children with adenoids and adenoiditis can be interpreted taking into consideration the data reported by H. Wanga and co-workers [13] who observed the correlation relationships between the production of IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the children with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy. Conclusion. The initial content of IL-1β and IL-6 in the groups of the children presenting with adenoids and adenoiditis is significantly higher in comparison with the patients of the control group. The absence of significant difference in the initial levels of proinflammatory cytokines between the children with adenoids and adenoiditis does not allow to use them as the markers of inflammation in the pharyngeal tonsil. Moreover, no significant difference was documented between the levels of the above cytokines in the children with adenoids and adenoiditis during the early postoperative period which gives evidence of the similar features of the formation of the postoperative inflammatory reactions in these patients.