Non-cultural methods for studying the microbiota of the female reproductive tract, including high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing, allow to provide the most complete assessment of the composition of the microbiome and to define dominant species of the microorganisms. However, there is little research on the influence of vaginal microbiome types on local immunity. A review of the literature on the relationship of vaginal microbiome and local immunity was performed, based on publications in Elibrary, Google Academy, EBSCO, Researchgate and Pubmed databases over the past 20 years. It has been found that microbiome types dominated by lactobacilli are able to maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier, low pH of vaginal mucus, and prevent the induction of an inflammatory response. These properties are most pronounced in CST I microbiome type, which is dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus, and least pronounced in the CST III microbiome, which is dominated by Lactobacillus iners. Microbiome type CST IV, associated with the predominance of non-Lactobacillus flora, leads to the stimulation of the antimicrobial peptides production, activation of macrophages and dendritic cells, an increase of natural killer cells, CD4+ T-lymphocytes, Th17 lymphocytes. These data should be taken into account when developing measures to prevent obstetrical and gynecological complications.