The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-4329
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Ilyina T.S.

N.F. Gamaleya Federal research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Public Health of Russia

Romanova Yu.M.

N.F. Gamaleya Federal research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Public Health of Russia

Bacterial biofilms: their role in chronical infection processes and the means to combat them

Authors:

Ilyina T.S., Romanova Yu.M.

More about the authors

Journal: Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology. 2021;39(2): 14‑24

DOI: 10.17116/molgen20213902114

Read: 40343 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

BACTERIAL BIOFILMS: THEIR ROLE IN CHRONICAL INFECTION PROCESSES AND THE MEANS TO COMBAT THEM
BACTERIAL BIOFILMS: THEIR ROLE IN CHRONICAL INFECTION PROCESSES AND THE MEANS TO COMBAT THEM

To cite this article:

Ilyina TS, Romanova YuM. Bacterial biofilms: their role in chronical infection processes and the means to combat them. Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology. 2021;39(2):14‑24. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/molgen20213902114

Подписка 2026 Молекулярная генетика, микробиология и вирусология (Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology)
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Biological and geno­mic characterisation of phage Ec2-7 with anti­microbial acti­vity against STEC strains Escherichia coli. Mole­cular Gene­tics, Microbiology and Viro­logy. 2025;(3):31-35
Modern possibilities of using photodynamic therapy with an intravenous sensitizer as an alte­rnative to surgical treatment: a clinical case of successful. Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2024;(6):149-155
Photodynamic inactivation of anti­biotic-resistant microflora of gunshot wounds under fluorescence control. Piro­gov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2025;(2):50-59
Substantiation of the anti-inflammatory effect of photodynamic therapy in periodontal diseases. Russian Journal of Stomatology. 2025;(1):40-45
Comparative asse­ssment of the onychomycosis phototherapy methods effi­cacy. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2025;(3):313-318
Photodynamic and microcurrent therapy in reha­bilitation after facial plastic surgery. Plastic Surgery and Aesthetic Medi­cine. 2025;(2-2):65-68
Method of photodynamic action in surgical treatment of local limi­ted peri­tonitis in the expe­riment. Russian Journal of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy. 2025;(2-2):77-86
Clinical effi­ciency of poly­valent piobacteriophage in the complex treatment of noso­comial sinu­sitis. Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2025;(4):33-38
Photodynamic therapy in comprehensive treatment of resi­stant forms of dermatomycosis caused by Trichophyton indo­tineae. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2025;(4):489-494
Photodynamic therapy of skin cancer in transplant reci­pients. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2025;(4):496-503
Abstract:

Biofilms of pathogenic bacteria in the body of an infected host are complex structures often formed by microorganisms of different species. They are resistant to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, host immune systems, and adverse environmental conditions, exhibit increased survival, and are responsible for most known chronic infections that cannot be treated with antibiotics. This situation has required an increased search for alternative ways to combat biofilm infections. This review examines the most promising developments aimed at destroying bacterial biofilms that cause chronic diseases.

Keywords:

biofilms
chronic infections
biofilm resistance
biofilm control strategies
phage therapy
phage proteins
antibiofilm peptides
photodynamic therapy

Authors:

Ilyina T.S.

N.F. Gamaleya Federal research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Public Health of Russia

Romanova Yu.M.

N.F. Gamaleya Federal research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Public Health of Russia

Received:

12.01.2021

Accepted:

19.01.2021

Close metadata

References:

  1. Costerton JW, Cheng KJ, Greesey GG. Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1987;41:435-464.  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.002251
  2. Costerton JW, Geesey GG, Cheng KJ. How bacteria stick. Sci Am 1978;238(1):86-95.  https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0178-86
  3. Jamal M, Ahmad W, Andleeb S, Jalil F, Imran M, Nawaz MA, et al. Bacterial biofilm and associated infections. J Chin Med Assoc. 2018;81:7-11. Epub 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2017.07.012
  4. Hall MR, Mc Gillicuddi E, Kaplan LJ. Biofilm: basic principles, pathophysiology, and implications for clinicians. Surg Infect (Larchmt.). 2014;15(1):1-7. Epub 2014 Jan 29.  https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2012.129
  5. Fux CA, Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Stoodley P. Survival strategies of infectious biofilms. Trends Microbiol. 2005;13(1):34-40.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.010
  6. Rabin H, Zheng Y, Opoko-Temeng C, Du Y, Bonsu E, Sintim OS. Biofilm formation mechanisms and targets for developing antibiofilm agents. Future Med Chem. 2015;7(4):493-512. Epub 2015 Dec 3.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2015.11.004
  7. Saxena P, Joshi Y, Rawat K, Bisht R. Biofilms: architecture, resistance, Quorum Sensing and control mechanisms. Indian J Microbiol. 2019;59(1):3-12. Epub 2018 Aug 21.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-018-0757-6
  8. Kumar A, Alam A, Rany M, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Biofilms: survival and defense strategy for pathogens. Int J Med Microbiol. 2017;307(iss.8):481-489. 
  9. Flemming H-C, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S. Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14:563.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94
  10. Davies D. Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2(2):114-122.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1008
  11. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1995;49(1):711-745.  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431
  12. Nickel JC, Ruseska I, Wright JB, Costerton JW. Tobramycin Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells growing as a biofilm on urinary catheter material. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985;27(4):619-624.  https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.27.4.619
  13. Lebeaux D, Chauhan A, Rendueles O, Beloin C. From in vitro to in vivo models of bacterial biofilm-related infections. Pathogens. 2013;2:288-356. mdpi.com/2076-0817/2/2/288.  https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens2020288
  14. Hall CW, Mah T-F. Molecular mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017;41:276-301.  https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fux010
  15. Jakobsen TH, Tolker-Nielsen T, Givskov M. Bacterial biofilm control by perturbation of bacterial signaling processes. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091970
  16. Flemming HC, Neu TR, Worniak DJ. The EPS matrix: the «house of biofilm cells». J Bacteriol. 2007;189(22):7945-7947. Epub 2007 Aug 3.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00858-07
  17. Lewis K. Persistent cells, dormancy and infectious disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007;5(1):48-45.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-017-0310-x
  18. Fischer RA, Gollan B, Helaine S. Persister bacterial infections and persister cells. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15:453-464. Epub 2017 May 22.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.42
  19. Keren I, Shah D, Spoering A, Kaldalu N, Lewis K. Spezialized persister cells and the mechanism of multidrug tolerance in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2004;186(24):8172-8180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00856-5
  20. Defraine V, Fauwart M, Michiels J. Fighting bacterial persistence: current and emerging anti-persister strategies and therapeutics. Drug Resist Updat. 2018;98:12-26. Epub 2018 Apr 10.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2018.03.002
  21. Lewis K. Multidrug tolerance of biofilms and persister cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;322:107-131.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75418-3_6
  22. Cohen NR, Lobritz MA, Collins JJ. Microbial persistence and the road to drug resistance. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13(6):632-642.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2013.05.009
  23. Lebeaux D, Ghigo JM, Beloin C. Biofilm-related infections: bridging the gap between clinical management and fundamental aspects of recalcitrance toward antibiotics. Microbial Mol Biol Rev. 2014;78(3):510-543. 
  24. Beloin Ch, Renard S, Ghigo J-M, Lebeaux D. Novel approaches to combat bacterial biofilms. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2014;18:61-68. Epub 2014 Sep 23.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2014.09.005
  25. Kalia VC. Quorum Sensing inhibitors: an overview. Biotechnol Adv. 2013;31:224-245. Epub 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.10.004
  26. Li Y-H, Tian X. Quorum Sensing and bacterial social interaction in biofilm. Sensor (Basel). 2012;12:2519-2538. Epub 2012 Feb 23.  https://doi.org/10.3390/s120302519
  27. Whiteley M, Diggle SP, Greenberg EP. Progress in and promise of bacterial quorum sensing research. Nature. 2017;551:313.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24624
  28. Hoiby N. A short history of microbial biofilms and biofilm infections. APMIS. 2017;125:272-275.  https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12686
  29. Grandclement C, Tannieres M, Morera S, Dessaux Y, Faure D. Quorum quenching: role in nature and applied developments. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2016;40(1):86-116. Epub 2015 Oct 1.  https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuv038
  30. Rabin N, Zheng Y, Opoku-Temeng C, Du Y, Bonsu E, Sintim HO. Agents that inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. Future Med Chem. 2015;7:647-671.  https://doi.org/10.4155/fmc.15.7
  31. Romanova YuM, Tutelyan AV, Sinitzin AP, Pisarev VM, Alekseeva NV, Filipova NI, et al. Enzymes from carbohydrase group destroy biofilm matrix of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Medical Alphabet. Dentisty. 2019;4:40-46. 
  32. Ryjenkov DA, Tarutina M, Moskvin OV, Gomelsky M. Cyclic guanilat is a ubiquitous signaling molecule in bacteria: insights into biochemistry of the GGDEF protein domain. J Bacteriol. 2005;187(5):1792-1798. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.187.5.1792-1798.2005
  33. Mann EE, Wozniak DJ. Pseudomonas biofilm matrix composition and niche biology. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012;36:893-916. Epub 2012 Jan 23.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00322.x
  34. Teschler JK, Zamorano-Sanchez DZ, Utada AS, Warner ChJA, Wong CL, Linington RG, et al. Living in the matrix: assembly and control of Vibrio cholerae biofilm. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13:255-268.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3433
  35. Koo H, Allan RN, Howf RP, Hall-Stoodley L, Stoodley P. Targeting microbial biofilms: current and perspective therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(12):740-755. Epub 2017 Sep 25.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.99
  36. Femicola S, Paiardini A, Giardina G, Rampioni G, Leoni L, Gutruzzola F, et al. In silico discovery and in vitro validation of catechol-containing sulfonohydrazide compounds as potent inhibitors of diguanylate cyclase PleD. J Bacteriol. 2015;198:147-156. Print 2016 Jan 1.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00742-15
  37. Marques Ch, Morozov A, Planzos P, Zelaya HM. The fatty acid signaling molecule cis-2-decenoic acid increases metabolic activity and reverts persister cells to an antimicrobial- susceptible state. Appl Environ Microbial. 2014;80:6976-6991. Epub 2014 Sep 5.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01576-14
  38. Kwan BW, Chowdhury N, Wood TK. Combatting bacterial infections by killing persister cells with mitomycin C. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;17:4406-4416. Epub 2015 May 18.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12873
  39. Chowdhury N, Wood TL, Martinez-Vazquez M, Garcia-Contreras R, Wood TK. DNA-crosslincercisplatin eradicates bacterial persister cells. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2016;113:1984-1992. Epub 2016 Mar 10.  https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.25963
  40. Garrison AT, Abouelhassan Y, Kallifidas D, Bai F, Ukhanova M, Mai V, et al. Halogenated phenazines that potently eradicate biofilms MRSA persister cells in non-biofilm cultures, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2015;54:14819-14823. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201508155
  41. Ilyina TS, Tolordava ER, Romanova YuM. Phage Therapy: One hundred Years after the Discovery of Bacteriophages. Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology. 2019;134(No3):149-158.  https://doi.org/10.3103/S0891416819030042
  42. Gordello Altomirano FL, Barr JJ. Phage therapy in the postantibiotic era. Clin Microbial Rev. 2019;32(2):E00066-18. Print 2019 Apr.  https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00066-18
  43. Chan BK, Abedon ST, Loc-Carrillo C. Phage coctails and the future of phage therapy. Future Microbiol. 2013;8:769-783.  https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.47
  44. Chen J, Novick RP. Phage mediated intergeneric transfer of toxin genes. Science. 2009;323:139-141.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-019-0419-y
  45. Casey E, Van Sinderen D, Mahony J. In vitro characteristics of phages to guide «real life» phage therapy suitability. Viruses. 2018;10:E163. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10040163.
  46. Philipson C, Voegtly L, Luedor M, Long K, Rice G, Frby KG, et al. Characterizing phage genomes for therapeutic applications. Viruses. 2018;10:188.  https://doi.org/10.3390/v10040188
  47. Viertel TM, Ritter K, Horz HP. Viruses versus bacteria — novel approaches to phage therapy as a tool against multidrug resistant pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:2326-2336. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku173
  48. Wang Z, Zheng P, Ji W, Fu Q, Wang H, Yan Y, et al. SLPW: a virulent bacteriophage targeting methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:934. 
  49. Jault P, Leclerc T, Jennes S, Pirney JP, Que Y-A, Resch G, et al. Efficacy tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Phagoburn): a randomized, controlled, double-blind phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:35-45.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30482-1
  50. Roach DR, Leung CY, Henry M, Morello E, Singh D, Di Santo JP, et al. Synergy between the host immune system and bacteriophage is essential for successful phage therapy against an acute respiratory pathogen. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;22:38-47.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.018
  51. Maciejewska B, Olszak T, Drulis-Kawa Z. Application of bacteriophages versus phage enzymes to combat and cure bacterial infections: an ambitious and also a realistic application? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018;102:2563-2581. Epub 2018 Feb.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8811-1
  52. Bedi MS, Verma V, Chibber S. Amoxicillin and specific bacteriophage can be used together for eradication of biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;25:1145. Epub 2009 Oct 4.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp360
  53. Mushtaq N, Redpath MB, Luzio JB, Taylor PW. Treatment of experimental Escherichia coli infections with recombinant bacteriophage-derived capsule depolymerase. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:160-165. Epub 2005 May 24.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki177
  54. Briers Y, Lavigne R. Breaking barriers: expansion of the use of endolysins as novel antibacterials against gram negative bacteria. Future Microbiol. 2015;10:377-390.  https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.15.8
  55. Yang H, Wang M, Yu J, Wei H. Antibacterial activity of a novel peptide-modified lysine against Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:1471.
  56. Briers Y, Walmagh M, Van Payenbroeck V, Cornellissen A, Cenens W, Aertsen A, et al. Engeneered endolysin-based «artilysins» to combat multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens. mBio. 2014;5:e01379. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01379-14
  57. Rashel M, Uchiyamo J, Ujihara T, Uthara Y, Kuramoto S, Sugihara S, et al. Efficient elimination of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by cloned lysine derived from bacteriophage phi MR11. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:1237-1247. https://doi.org/10.1086/521305
  58. Daniel A, Euler C, Collin M, Chahales P, Gorelick KJ, Fischetti VA. Synergism between a novel chimeric lysine and oxacillin protects against infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:1603-1612. Epub 2010 Jan 19.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01625-09
  59. Mahichi F, Synnott AJ, Yamamichi K, Ocada T, Tanyi Y. Site-specific recombination of T2 phage using IP008 long fiber genes provides a targeted method for expanding host range while retaining lytic activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009;295:211-217.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01588.x
  60. Lu TK, Collins W. Dispersing biofilms with engineered enzymatic bacteriophage. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2007;104:11197-11202. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704624104
  61. Yacoby I, Bar H, Benhar I. Targeted drug-carrying bacteriophages as antibacterial nanomedicines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:2156-2163. Epub 2007 Apr 2.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00163-07
  62. Hope CK, Packer S, Wilson M, Nair SP. The inability of bacteriophage to infect Staphylococcus does not prevent it from specifically delivering a photosensitizer to the bacterium anabling its lethal photosensitization. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:59-61. Epub 2009 May 2.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp157
  63. Dong S, Shi H, Zhang X, Chen X, Cao D, Mao Ch, et al. Difunctional bacteriophage conjugated with photosensitizers for Candida albicans-targeting photodynamic inactivation. Int J Nanomed (Lond.). 2018;13:2199-2216.
  64. Wang G, Li X, Zasloff M. A database view of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides: nomenclature, classification and amino acid sequence analyses. IN Antimicrobial peptides: discovery, design and novel therapeutic strategies. (Oxfordshire:CAB1). 2010;1-21. Epub 2009 Nov 17.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2009.11.012
  65. Bergland NA, Piggot TJ, Jafferies D, Sessions RB, Bond PJ, Khalid S. Interaction of the antimicrobial peptide polymycsin B1 with both membranes of E.coli: a molecular dynamic study. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2015;11:e1004180.
  66. Pfalzgraff A, Brandenburg K, Weindl G. Antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential for bacterial skin infections ad wounds. Front Pharmocol. 2018;9:281. eCollection 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00281
  67. Pepperney A, Chikindas ML. Antibacterial peptides: opportunity for the prevention and treatment of dental casies. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2011;3:68-96.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-011-9076-5
  68. Wang Zh, Shen Y, Hanpaasalo M. Antibiofilm peptides against oral biofilms. J Oral Microbiol. 2017;9:1327. eCollection 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2017.1327308
  69. Bjorn C, Mahlapuu M, Mattsuby-Baltzer I, Hakansson J. Antiinfective efficacy of the lactoferrin-derived antimicrobial peptid HLRlr. Peptides. 2016;81:21-28. Epub 2016 May 4.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2016.04.005
  70. Pletzer D, Hancock REW. Antibiofilm peptides: potential as broad-spectrum agents. J Bacteriol. 2016;198:2572. Print 2016 Oct 1.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00017-16
  71. Gomes B, Augusto M, Felicio MR, Hollmann A, Franco OL, Gonsalves S, Santo NC. Designing improved active peptides for therapeutic approaches against infection diseases. Biotechnol Adv. 2018;36:415-429. Epub 2018 Jan 9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.004
  72. Mulani MS, Kamble EE, Kumkar ShN, Tawre MS, Pardesi KR. Emerging strategies to combat ESCAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: a review. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1-24.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00539
  73. Hilpert K, Volkmer-Engert R, Walter T. High-throughput generation of small antibacterial peptides with improved activity. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23:1008-1012. Epub 2005 Jul 24.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1113
  74. Kanthaweng S, Bolscher JG, Veerman ECI, van Marie J, de Soet JJ, Nasmi K, et al. Antimicrobialand antibiofilm activity of LL-37 and its truncated variants against Burkholderia pseudomallei. Int J Antimicrobb Agents. 2012;39:39-44. Epub 2011 Oct 17.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.010
  75. Batoni G, Maisetta G, Bremcatisano FL, Esin S, Campa M. Use of antimicrobial peptides against microbial biofilms: advantages and limits. Curr Mol Chem. 2011;18:256-279.  https://doi.org/10.2174/092986711794088399
  76. Dai T, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy for localized infections — state of art. Photodeagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2009;6:170-188.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.10.008
  77. Abrahamse H, Hamblin MR. New photosintizers for photodynamic therapy. Biochem J. 2016;473:347-364.  https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20150942
  78. Hamblin MR, O’Donnell DA, Murthy N, Rajagopalan K, Michaud N, Sherwood ME, et al. Polycationic photosensitizer conjugates: effects of chain length and Gram classification on the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49:941-951.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkf053
  79. Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Inorganic salts and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: Mechanistic conundrums? Molecules. 2018;23:pii: E3190. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123190
  80. Tiganova IG, Makarova EA, Meerovich GA, Alekseeva NV, Tolordava ER, Romanova YuM, et al. Photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in biofilms using new synthetic bacteriochlorin derivatives. Biomedical Photonics. 2017;6(4):27-36.  https://doi.org/10.24931/2413-9432-2017-6-4-27-36
  81. Dai T, Tegos GP, Lu Z, Huang L, Zhiyentayev T, Franklin MJ, et al. Photodynamic Therapy for Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections in Mice. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2009;53(9):3929-3934. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00027-09
  82. George S, Hamblin MR, Kishen A. Uptake pathways of anionic and cationic photosensitizers into bacteria. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2009;8(6):788-795.  https://doi.org/10.1039/B809624D
  83. Meerovich GA, Akhlyustina EV, Tiganova IG, Lukyanets EA, Makarova EA, Tolordava ER, et al. Novel polycationic photosensitizers for antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Advances in Microbiology. Infectious Diseases and Public Health. 2019; Eds. Donelli J.  https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_431
  84. Al-Shammery D, Michelogiannakis D, Ahmed ZU, Ahmed HB, Rossouw PE, Romanos GE, et al. Scope of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in Orthodontics and related research: A review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2019;25:456-459. Epub 2019 Jan 7.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12388
  85. Brown S. Clinical antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: phase II studies in chronic wounds. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012;10:80-83. 
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.