Achievements in targeted therapy of cancer over the past decades have significantly increased survival of patients. Certain chemotherapeutic agents (anthracyclines, trastuzumab) commonly used in the treatment of malignant neoplasms are known to have cardiotoxic effects. One of the most adverse side effects are early left ventricular dysfunction and progression of heart failure. Advantages of continuous cardiac follow-up in patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy are presented. We also summarize the current approaches to clinical monitoring of cardiotoxicity presented in the guidelines of the European Society of Medical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology and European Society of Cardiology to determine the optimal frequency of cardiac monitoring and assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction.