The complex study of cognitive and emotional status, levels of serum serotonin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were performed in 72 patients with acute traumatic brain injury, with a special focus on middle brain injuries (MBI), treated with Cerebrolysin. The neurological and cognitive impairment, mild state anxiety and depression and increased levels of humoral serotonin, which depends on the severity of the injury, were identified in patients with MBI before treatment. After the treatment, there were the decrease in the severity of neurological symptoms and a significant positive dynamics on the FAB scale as well as the increase in blood BDNF and serotonin levels. It has been concluded that using cerebrolysin in complex treatment of acute MBI promotes activation of neurotrophic processes and improves outcomes of closed craniocerebral injury.