Chronic sleep disturbance has a pronounced adverse impact on a person’s quality of life and physical and mental well-being. Despite the high prevalence of the disorder and the need for therapeutic interventions, the accessibility and effectiveness of conventional insomnia treatments remain limited. The electroencephalography (EEG)-neurofeedback control method is based on objective brain activity data to teach the patient self-regulation. This study performed a systematic analysis of current data on the use of neurofeedback technology for the treatment of sleep disorders, assessing the method’s effectiveness and limitations. The search and review of publications from international databases over the past 10 years was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and the methods described in the RELISH Consortium. The results show that neurofeedback control, in particular, based on individual peak alpha frequency, is a viable and promising therapy. The technology significantly improves subjective and objective sleep parameters, such as reducing sleep latency, increasing total sleep time, and improving sleep quality. With its high efficacy and safety, neurofeedback control can become one of the key components of personalized medicine for the long-term treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders.