The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-4329
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2026
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Skripchenko E.Yu.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases;
Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Ivanova G.P.

Clinical hospital «Russian Railways-Medicine»

Skripchenko N.V.

Children’s Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases;
St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Astapova A.V.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases

Gorelik Е.Yu.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases

Vilnits A.A.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases;
St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Marchenko N.V.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases

Clinical-etiological and MRI parallels of encephalitis in children

Authors:

Skripchenko E.Yu., Ivanova G.P., Skripchenko N.V., Astapova A.V., Gorelik Е.Yu., Vilnits A.A., Marchenko N.V.

More about the authors

Journal: S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2021;121(11‑2): 86‑94

DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112111286

Read: 3418 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

CLINICAL-ETIOLOGICAL AND MRI PARALLELS OF ENCEPHALITIS IN CHILDREN
CLINICAL-ETIOLOGICAL AND MRI PARALLELS OF ENCEPHALITIS IN CHILDREN

To cite this article:

Skripchenko EYu, Ivanova GP, Skripchenko NV, Astapova AV, Gorelik ЕYu, Vilnits AA, Marchenko NV. Clinical-etiological and MRI parallels of encephalitis in children. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2021;121(11‑2):86‑94. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202112111286

Подписка 2026 Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски (S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry (special issues))
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Reproductive health of women with hepa­titis C (literature review and own data). Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2025;(1):12-20
Effect of narcotic analgesics on postoperative vege­tative tone in children. Russian Journal of Pain. 2025;(1):34-37
Constitutional features of stru­ctures of skull base in children aged 8—12 years old in normality and with recu­rrent subluxation of C1—C2 vertebrae. Russian Journal of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy. 2025;(1):29-35
Speech inte­lligibility in a free sound field in normally hearing children aged 5—17 years. Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2025;(1):5-9
On the issue of classification of vomer defo­rmities in children. Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2025;(1):35-42
Surgical treatment of pulmonary tube­rculosis in children and adolescents. Piro­gov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2025;(3):16-23
Hand burns in pediatrics. Piro­gov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2025;(3):96-106
A mega­polis school children medi­cal check-up: orga­nizational approaches problems and their solu­tions. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2025;(3):20-25
Analysis of dyna­mics and fore­cast of morbidity of diseases of the urogenital system in the child popu­lation living in the Repu­blic of Sakha (Yakutia). Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2025;(3):60-66
Evaluation of the effe­ctiveness and safety of aero­bic cyclical trainings in children after surgical correction of congenital heart diseases and features of short-term adaptation depe­nding on the type of pathology. Problems of Balneology, Physiotherapy and Exercise Therapy. 2025;(1):19-31
Abstract:

OBJECTIVE

Improving the diagnosis of encephalitis (EF) in children by establishing clinical, etiological and MRI parallels.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

364 children aged from 1 month to 17 years with EF were examined. MRI of the brain and spinal cord, blood and CSF examination for herpes viruses type 1-6 (HHV), enteroviruses (EV), tick-borne encephalitis viruses (TBEV), Borrelia burgdorferi (BB), varicella zoster (VVZ), herpes simplex (HSV1) and Epstein-Barr (EBV) were performed.

RESULTS

The etiological structure was dominated by HHV types 1-6, tick-borne infections (19%), EV (14.6%), and other agents (6%). Clinical and topical variants of EF: leukoencephalitis (leukoePH) — 68.4%, polyoencephalitis (polioePH) — 22.8% and panencephalitis (panePH) — 8.8%. LEUKOEPH was more often caused by VVZ, EBV and BB, foci in the white matter of the large hemispheres, sensitive, cerebellar and pyramidal symptoms, acute course followed by complete recovery (65.8%), the risk of exacerbations and progression with the development of multiple sclerosis in 6% were observed in 80.7%. POLIO in 71.1% were caused by TBEV or EV, lesions were located in the thalamus, basal ganglia, cortex, manifested by deep depression of consciousness, epilepsy, central paralysis and speech disorders, in 83.1% there was a chronic course with the development of brain atrophy. PanEF was caused by cytomegalovirus in more than 1/2 of cases, with subtotal-total white matter damage, in 1/3 of cases — with the involvement of other structures, there was a chronic course with polymorphism of neurological symptoms, rare complete recovery (15.6%). The cerebellar form of EF in 88.7% was associated with VZV, subcortical and stem — with TBEV and EV, cortical and limbic — with HSV-1 and 2 and HHV-6. The outcomes of EF depend both on the timeliness of etiological and neuroimaging diagnostics, and on the adequacy of early therapy already with EF, including the use of acyclovir in combination with recombinant interferons alpha-2-β with antioxidants, and the immediate appointment of Cytoflavin infusions upon admission to the hospital.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical and topical variants and forms of EF in children are associated with etiology, have different rates of complications, the nature of the course and outcomes, the knowledge of which makes it possible to optimize the diagnostic process.

Keywords:

encephalitis
infections
clinical symptoms
MRI
children
Cytoflavin

Authors:

Skripchenko E.Yu.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases;
Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Ivanova G.P.

Clinical hospital «Russian Railways-Medicine»

Skripchenko N.V.

Children’s Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases;
St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Astapova A.V.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases

Gorelik Е.Yu.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases

Vilnits A.A.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases;
St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Marchenko N.V.

Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases

Received:

10.11.2021

Accepted:

15.11.2021

Close metadata

References:

  1. Bonthius DJ, Bale JF. Viral Infections of the Nervous System. In: Swaiman Kenneth F. Pediatric Neurology. 2017;115:2041-2074.
  2. Lo CP, Chen CY. Neuroimaging of Viral Infections in Infants and Young Children. Neuroimag Clin N Am. 2008;18(1):119-132.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2014.12.002
  3. Skripchenko NV, Lobzin YuV, Ivanova GP, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis in children. In the book: Tick-borne encephalitis in the XXI century. VI Zlobin, ed. M.: Nauka; 2021. (In Russ.).
  4. Skripchenko NV, Egorova ES. The use of cytoflavin in the therapy of neuroinfections in children. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2011;111(9):28-31. (In Russ.).
  5. Skripchenko NV, Ivanova GP, Scripchenko EY, et al. Cytoflavin efficacy in the treatment of disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2017;117(11-2):67-74. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201711711267-74
  6. Rumyantseva SA, Fedin AI, Bolevich SB, et al. The effect of early correction of energy and free radical homeostasis on the clinical and morphological picture of brain infarction. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2010;110(8):16-21. (In Russ.).
  7. Mazin PV, Sheshunov IV, Mazina NK. Meta-analytical evaluation of the clinical efficacy of cytoflavin in neurological diseases. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2017;3:28-39. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20171173128-39
  8. Mayevsky EI, Grishina EV, Rosenfeld AS. et al. Anaerobic formation of succinate and ensuring its oxidation are possible mechanisms of cell adaptation to oxygen starvation. Biophysics. 2000;45(3):509-513. (In Russ.).
  9. Silina EV, Rumyantseva SA, Bolevich SB, Menshova NI. Regularities of free radical processes and prognosis of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after S.S. Korsakov. 2011;12(2):36-42. (In Russ.).
  10. Neuroprotector with antioxidant and antihypoxant properties of mexidol in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Ed. Fedin A.I., Rumyantseva S.A., Evseeva V.N. M. 2006. (In Russ.).
  11. Ivanova GP, Skripchenko NV, Skripchenko EY. Encephalitis in children. In: Neuroinfections in children. Skripchenko N.V., ed. SPb.: Tactical Studio; 2015. (In Russ.).
  12. Beckham JD, Solbrig MV, Tyler KL. Viral Encephalitis and Meningitis. In: Bradley and Daroff’s Neurology in Clinical Practice. Jankovic J., Mazziotta J.C., Pomeroy S.L., Newman N.J., ed., 2021.
  13. Levin SN, Lyons JL. Infections of the Nervous System (Review). The American Journal of Medicine. 2018;131(1):25-32.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.08.020
  14. Venkatesan A, Michael BD, Probasco JC, et al. Acute encephalitis in immunocompetent adults. Lancet. 2019;393:702-716.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32526-1
  15. Granerod J, Ambrose H E, Davies N. et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:835-844.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70222-X
  16. Gadoth N. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) the story of a vanishing disease. Brain & Development. 2012;34:705-711.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2011.12.008
  17. Filippi M Rocca MA Ciccarelli O et al.for the MAGNIMS Study Group MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol. 2016; 15: 292-303  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00393-2.
  18. Mason WH, Gans HA. Measles In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Kliegman R.M., St Geme J.W., Blum N.J., Shah S.S., Tasker R.C., Wilson K.M., eds, 2020;Chapter 273:1670-1676.
  19. Hardy A, Reddel W, Barnett H, et al. Atypical inflammatory demyelinating syndromes of the CNS. Lancet. 2016;15:967-981.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30043-6
  20. Rovira A, Kremer S, Sundgren PC. Inflammatory and Metabolic Disease. In: Grainger & Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology. 2021;1498-1549.
  21. Stulpnagel C, Winkler P, Koch J, et al. MRI-imaging and clinical findings of eleven children with tick-borne encephalitis and review of the literature. European Journal Paediatric Neurology. 2016;20:45-52.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.10.008
  22. Skripchenko NV, Ivanova GP. Tick-borne infections in children. Manual for doctors. M.: JSC «Publishing House «Medicine»; 2008. (In Russ.).
  23. Rust RS. Human Arboviral Encephalitis. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 2012;19(3):130-151.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2012.03.002
  24. Wong K. Enterovirus encephalitis including Enterovirus 71 and D68. 17th International Congress on In-fectious Diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 45S; April 01, 2016; Abstract 16.0032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.087
  25. Ooi M, Wong S, Lewthwaite P, et al. Clinical features and management of enterovirus 71. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:1097-1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X
  26. Akgoz A, Mukundan S, Lee TC. Imaging of Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Parasitic Infections. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 2012;22(4):633-657. 
  27. Halperin JJ. Lyme Neuroborreliosis. Neurologic Clinics. 2018;36(4):821-883.  https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000545
  28. Erol Il, Kılıçarslan B, Saygi S, et al. Case Report. Acute Transverse Myelitis in a Child With Disease. Pediatric Neurology. 2013;48:325-328.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.12.001
  29. Haralur Y, Mechtler LL. Neuroimaging of Multiple Sclerosis Mimics. Neurol Clin. 2020;38:149-170.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2019.09.002
  30. Cavalierea E, Nosadinia M, Pelizzaa M, et al. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis preceded by non-herpetic central nervous system infection. J Neuroimmunol. 2019;332:1-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.011
  31. Leibovitch EC, Jacobson S. Human herpesvirus 6 as a viral trigger in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Infect Dis. 2015;212:1011-1013. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv162
  32. Harberts E, Yao K, Wohler JE, et al. Human herpesvirus-6 entry into the central nervous system through the olfactory pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:13734-13739. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105143108
  33. Virtanen JO, Pietiläinen-Nicklén J, Uotila L, et al. Intrathecal human herpesvirus 6 antibodies in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases presenting as oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid. J Neuroimmunol. 2011;237:93-97.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.06.012
  34. Houen G, Trier NH, Frederiksen JL. Epstein-Barr virus and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:11:587-593.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.587078
  35. Skripchenko NV, Ivanova GP, Skripchenko EYu, Surovtseva AV. Demyelinating diseases of the nervous system in children: etiology, clinic, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment. M.: Comment; 2016. (In Russ.).
  36. Britt WJ. Cytomegalovirus. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Chapter 282, 2020.
  37. Bulakbasi N, Kocaoglu M. Central Nervous System Infections of Herpesvirus Family. Neuroimag Clin N Am. 2008;18:53-84.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2007.12.001
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.