The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Evzel'man M.A.

Orlovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet;
kafedra nevrologii i psikhiatrii meditsinskogo instituta;
Oblastnaia bol'nitsa skoroĭ meditsinskoĭ pomoshchi im. N.A. Semashko, Orel

Mityaeva E.V.

Turgenev Orel State University, Orel, Russia

Lashkhia Ya.B.

Turgenev Orel State University, Orel, Russia

Kamchatnov P.R.

Kafedra nevrologii i neĭrokhirurgii Rossiĭskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. N.I. Pirogova, Moskva

Acute cerebral ischemia and inflammation

Authors:

Evzel'man M.A., Mityaeva E.V., Lashkhia Ya.B., Kamchatnov P.R.

More about the authors

Journal: S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2019;119(12‑2): 73‑80

DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911912273

Views: 7413

Downloaded: 146

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

To cite this article:

Evzel'man MA, Mityaeva EV, Lashkhia YaB, Kamchatnov PR. Acute cerebral ischemia and inflammation. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2019;119(12‑2):73‑80. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201911912273

 
МСФ на ЯМ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Features of apha­sic diso­rders in patients with acute cere­brovascular diso­rder in the posterior cere­bral artery basin. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(3-2):18-22
The rela­tionship between the deve­lopment of post-stroke cognitive impairment and changes in the coagulation component of hemo­stasis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(3-2):23-29
The multidirectional effe­cts of thro­mbin and the possibility of their control in neurology. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(3-2):42-48
Comparative characteristics of the effi­cacy and safety of the original alte­plase and its complete biosimilar in the treatment of ischemic stroke in real clinical practice. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(3-2):49-54
Effi­cacy of Mexi­dol in combination with cere­bral reva­scularization in the treatment of ischemic stroke. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(3-2):67-74
The secretome of mese­nchymal stro­mal cells as a new hope in the treatment of acute brain tissue inju­ries. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(3-2):83-91
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the acute and early reco­very period of ischemic stroke: the role of nocturnal hypo­xemia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(5-2):72-78
Hemo­dynamics and repe­rfusion in acute ischemic stroke: friends or foes?. Russian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2024;(2):91-96
Analysis of stroke inci­dence seasonal changes in Bishkek. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(4):89-96
Methods of cost-effectiveness evaluation of endo­vascular patent fora­men ovale closure for seco­ndary prevention of cryptogenic stroke. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(6):105-110

The article reviews the recent literature on the role of the inflammatory response in ischemic stroke (IS). The data of some studies on the mechanisms of the development of inflammation in the ischemic brain as well as information on possible markers for predicting the severity of IS are presented.

Keywords:

ischemic stroke
ischemic inflammation
inflammation markers

Authors:

Evzel'man M.A.

Orlovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet;
kafedra nevrologii i psikhiatrii meditsinskogo instituta;
Oblastnaia bol'nitsa skoroĭ meditsinskoĭ pomoshchi im. N.A. Semashko, Orel

Mityaeva E.V.

Turgenev Orel State University, Orel, Russia

Lashkhia Ya.B.

Turgenev Orel State University, Orel, Russia

Kamchatnov P.R.

Kafedra nevrologii i neĭrokhirurgii Rossiĭskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. N.I. Pirogova, Moskva

List of references:

  1. Gusev EI, Skvorcova VI. Ishemiya golovnogo mozga. M.: Medicina; 2007. (In Russ.)
  2. Johnston SC, Mendis S, Mathers CD. Global variation in stroke burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and modelling. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(4):345-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70023-7
  3. Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, Miller R, Khoury J, Pancioli A, Gebel J, Mills D, Minneci L, Shukla R. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study. Preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of strokes among blacks. Stroke. 1998;29:415-421. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.29.2.415
  4. Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Das SR, Delling FN, Djousse L, Elkind MSV, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Jordan LC, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Kwan TW, Lackland DT, Lewis TT, Lichtman JH, Longenecker CT, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Martin SS, Matsushita K, Moran AE, Mussolino ME, O’Flaherty M, Pandey A, Perak AM, Rosamond WD, Roth GA, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Spartano NL, Stokes A, Tirschwell DL, Tsao CW, Turakhia MP, VanWagner LB, Wilkins JT, Wong SS, Virani SS; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(10):56-528. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659
  5. Garcia J, Anderson M. Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 1989;4:303-324.
  6. Skvorcova VI, Evzel’man MA. Ishemiya golovnogo mozga. Orel. 2006. (In Russ.)
  7. Sekerdag E, Solaroglu I, Gursoy-Ozdemir Y. Cell Death Mechanisms in Stroke and Novel Molecular and Cellular Treatment Options. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(9):1396-1415. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X16666180302115544
  8. Guruswamy R, ElAli A. Complex roles of microglial cells in ischemic stroke pathobiology: new insights and future directions. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3):496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030496
  9. Iadecola C, Anrather J. The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation. Nat Med. 2011;17(7):796. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2399
  10. Hallevi H, Hazan-Halevy I, Paran E. Modification of neutrophil adhesion to human endothelial cell line in acute ischemic stroke by dipyridamole and candesartan. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(9):1002-1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01847.x
  11. Mishra M, Hedna VS. Neuroinflammation after acute ischemic stroke: a volcano hard to contain. Chinese J Cont Neurol Neurosurg. 2013;13(11):964-970.
  12. Sun M, Deng B, Zhao X, Gao C, Yang L, Zhao H, Yu D, Zhang F, Xu L, Chen L, Sun X. Isoflurane preconditioning provides neuroprotection against stroke by regulating the expression of the TLR4 signalling pathway to alleviate microglial activation. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11445. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11445
  13. Ponomarev ED, Veremeyko T, Weiner HL. MicroRNAs are universal regulators of differentiation, activation, and polarization of microglia and macrophages in normal and diseased CNS. Glia. 2013;61(1):91-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22363
  14. Parada E, Egea J, Buendia I, Negredo P, Cunha AC, Cardoso S, Soares MP, López MG. The microglial α7-acetylcholine nicotinic receptor is a key element in promoting neuroprotection by inducing heme oxygenase-1 via nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2. Antioxidant Redox Signaling. 2013;19(11):1135-1148. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4671
  15. Lalancette-Hébert M, Swarup V, Beaulieu JM, Bohacek I, Abdelhamid E, Weng YC, Sato S, Kriz J. Galectin-3 is required for resident microglia activation and proliferation in response to ischemic injury. J Neurosci. 2012;32(30):10383-10395. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1498-12.2012
  16. Neumann J, Gunzer M, Gutzeit HO, Ullrich O, Reymann KG, Dinkel K. Microglia provide neuroprotection after ischemia. FASEB J. 2006;20(6):714-716. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.05-4882fje
  17. Denes A, Vidyasagar R, Feng J, Narvainen J, McColl BW, Kauppinen RA, Allan SM. Proliferating resident microglia after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;27(12):1941-1953. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600495
  18. Arumugam TV, Salter JW, Chidlow JH, Ballantyne CM, Kevil CG, Granger DN. Contributions of LFA-1 and Mac-1 to brain injury and microvascular dysfunction induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Am J Physiol. 2004;287(6):2555-2560. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00588.2004
  19. Singhal G, Baune BT. Microglia: An interface between the loss of neuroplasticity and depression. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017;11(270). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00270
  20. Wang H, Song G, Chuang H, Chiu C, Abdelmaksoud A, Ye Y, Zhao L. Portrait of glial scar in neurological diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2018;31:2058738418801406. https://doi.org/10.1177/2058738418801406
  21. Sykova E. Glial diffusion barriers during aging and pathological states. Prog Brain Res. 2001;132:339-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(01)32087-3
  22. Li M, Li Z, Yao Y, Jin W-N, Wood K, Liu Q, Shi FD, Hao J. Astrocyte-derived interleukin-15 exacerbates ischemic brain injury via propagation of cellular immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114(3):396-405. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612930114
  23. Vogelgesang A, Becker KJ, Dressel A. Immunological consequences of ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;129(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12165
  24. Del Zoppo GJ. The neurovascular unit in the setting of stroke. J Intern Med. 2010;267(2):156-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02199.x
  25. Yang Y, Rosenberg GA. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets for stroke. Brain Res. 2015;1623:30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.024
  26. ElAli A, Thériault P, Rivest S. The role of pericytes in neurovascular unit remodeling in brain disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(4):6453-6474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046453
  27. Nakagomi T, Kubo S, Nakano-Doi A, Sakuma R, Lu S, Narita A, Kawahara M, Taguchi A, Matsuyama T. Brain vascular pericytes following ischemia have multipotential stem cell activity to differentiate into neural and vascular lineage cells. Stem Cells. 2015;33(6):1962-1974. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.1977
  28. Ozen I, Deierborg T, Miharada K, Padel T, Englund E, Genove G, Paul G. Brain pericytes acquire a microglial phenotype after stroke. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;128(3):381-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-014-1295-x
  29. Sakuma R, Kawahara M, Nakano-Doi A, Takahashi A, Tanaka Y, Narita A, Kuwahara-Otani S, Hayakawa T, Yagi H, Matsuyama T, Nakagomi T. Brain pericytes serve as microglia-generating multipotent vascular stem cells following ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-016-0523-9
  30. Shi Y, Zhang L, Pu H, Mao L, Hu X, Jiang X, Liu X, Leak R, Keep RF, Ji X, Chen J. Rapid endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization enables early blood-brain barrier disruption and long-term ischaemic reperfusion brain injury. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10523. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10523
  31. Mo XY, Li T, Hu ZP. Decreased levels of cell-division cycle 42 (Cdc42) protein in peripheral lymphocytes from ischaemic stroke patients are associated with Golgi apparatus junction. J Int Med Res. 2013;41(3):642-653. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060513480093
  32. Ross AM, Hurn P, Perrin N, Wood L, Carlini W, Potempa K. Evidence of the peripheral inflammatory response in patients with transient ischemic attack. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;16(5):203-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2007.05.002
  33. Grond-Ginsbach C, Giossi A, Aksay SS, Engelter ST, Lyrer PA, Metso TM, Tatlisumak T, Debette S, Leys D, Thijs V, Bersano A, Abboud S, Kloss M, Lichy C, Grau A, Pezzini A, Touzé E; CADISP group. Elevated peripheral leukocyte counts in acute cervical artery dissection. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(10):1405-1410. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12201
  34. Amantea D, Nappi G, Bernardi G, Bagetta G, Corasaniti MT. Post-ischemic brain damage: pathophysiology and role of inflammatory mediators. FEBS J. 2009;276(1):13-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06766.x
  35. Kriz J. Inflammation in ischemic brain injury: timing is important. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 2006;18(1-2):145-157. https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v18.i1-2.150
  36. Schilling M, Besselmann M, Leonhard C, Mueller M, Ringelstein EB, Kiefer R. Microglial activation precedes and predominates over macrophage infiltration in transient focal cerebral ischemia: a study in green fluorescent protein transgenic bone marrow chimeric mice. Exp Neurol. 2003;183(1):25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00082-7
  37. Tanaka R, Komine-Kobayashi M, Mochizuki H, Yamada M, Furuya T, Migita M, Shimada T, Mizuno Y, Urabe T. Migration of enhanced green fluorescent protein expressing bone marrow-derived microglia/macrophage into the mouse brain following permanent focal ischemia. Neuroscience. 2003;117(3):531-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00954-5
  38. Price C, Menon D, Peters A, Ballinger J, Barber R, Balan K, Lynch A, Xuereb JH, Fryer T, Guadagno JV, Warburton EA. Cerebral neutrophil recruitment, histology, and outcome in acute ischemic stroke: an imaging-based study. Stroke. 2004;35(7):1659-1664. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000130592.71028.92
  39. Buck BH, Liebeskind DS, Saver JL, Bang OY, Yun SW, Starkman S, Ali LK, Kim D, Villablanca JP, Salamon N, Razinia T, Ovbiagele B. Early neutrophilia is associated with volume of ischemic tissue in acute stroke. Stroke. 2008;39(2):355-360. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.490128
  40. Yilmaz G, Granger DN. Cell adhesion molecules and ischemic stroke. Neurol Res. 2008;30(8):783-793. https://doi.org/10.1179/174313208X341085
  41. Martynov MY, Gusev EI. Current knowledge on the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke. J Exp Pharmacol. 2015;7:17-28. https://doi.org/10.2147/JEP.S63544
  42. Jickling GC, Liu D, Ander BP, Stamova B, Zhan X, Sharp FR. Targeting neutrophils in ischemic stroke: translational insights from experimental studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;35(6):888-901. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2015.45
  43. Watcharotayangul J, Mao L, Xu H, Vetri F, Baughman VL, Paisansathan C, Pelligrino DA. Post-ischemic vascular adhesion protein-1 inhibition provides neuroprotection in a rat temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion model. J Neurochem. 2012;123(suppl 2):116-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07950.x
  44. Perez-de-Puig I, Miró-Mur F, Ferrer-Ferrer M, Gelpi E, Pedragosa J, Justicia C, Urra X, Chamorro A, Planas AM. Neutrophil recruitment to the brain in mouse and human ischemic stroke. Acta Neuropathol. 2015;129(2):239-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-014-1381-0
  45. Garcia-Bonilla L, Moore JM, Racchumi G, Zhou P, Butler JM, Iadecola C, Anrather J Inducible nitric oxide synthase in neutrophils and endothelium contributes to ischemic brain injury in mice. J Immunol. 2014;193(5):2531-2537. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1400918
  46. Gelderblom M, Leypoldt F, Steinbach K, Behrens D, Choe C-U, Siler DA, Arumugam TV, Orthey E, Gerloff C, Tolosa E, Magnus T. Temporal and spatial dynamics of cerebral immune cell accumulation in stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(5):1849-1857. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.534503
  47. Jickling GC, Liu D, Ander BP, Stamova B, Zhan X, Sharp FR. Targeting neutrophils in ischemic stroke: translational insights from experimental studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;35(6):888-901. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2015.45
  48. Jin G, Tsuji K, Xing C, Yang Y-G, Wang X, Lo EH. CD47 gene knockout protects against transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol. 2009;217(1):165-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.02.004
  49. Tsai NW, Chang WN, Shaw CF, Jan CR, Lu CH. Leucocyte apoptosis in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2010;37(9):884-888. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05398.x
  50. Enzmann G, Mysiorek C, Gorina R., Cheng Y, Ghavam-pour S, Hannocks MJ. Prinz V, Dirnagl U, Endres M, Prinz M, Beschorner R, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M, Engelhardt B, Sorokin L. The neurovascular unit as a selective barrier to polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) infiltration into the brain after ischemic injury. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;125(3):395-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-012-1076-3
  51. Sousa LF, Coelho FM, Rodrigues DH, Campos AC, Barcelos Lda S, Teixeira MM, Rachid MA, Teixeira AL. Blockade of CXCR1/2 chemokine receptors protects against brain damage in ischemic stroke in mice. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2013;68(3):391-394. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(03)oa17
  52. Sansing LH, Harris TH, Welsh FA, Kasner SE, Hunter CA, Kariko K. Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(4):646-656. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22528
  53. Gökhan S, Ozhasenekler A, Mansur Durgun H, Akil E, Ustöndag M, Orak M. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratios in stroke subtypes and transient ischemic attack. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(5):653-657.
  54. Furlan JC, Vergouwen MD, Fang J, Silver FL. White blood cell count is an independent predictor of outcomes after acute ischaemic stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21(2):215-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12233
  55. Palm F, Kleemann T, Dos Santos M, UrbanekC, Buggle F, Safer A. Stroke due to atrial fibrillation in a population-based stroke registry (Ludwigshafen Stroke Study) CHADS(2), CHA(2) DS(2)-VASc score, underuse of oral anticoagulation, and implications for preventive measures. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(1):117-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03804.x
  56. Noonan K, Crewther SG, Carey LM, Pascoe MC, Linden T. Sustained inflammation 1.5 years post-stroke is not associated with depression in elderly stroke survivors. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:69-74. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S38547
  57. Feng Y, Liao S, Wei C, Jia D, Wood K, Liu Q, Wang X, Shi FD, Jin WN. Infiltration and persistence of lymphocytes during late-stage cerebral ischemia in middle cerebral artery occlusion and photothrombotic stroke models. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14(1):248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-1017-0
  58. Jander S, Kraemer M, Schroeter M, Witte OW, Stoll G. Lymphocytic infiltration and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in photochemically induced ischemia of the rat cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1995;15(1):42-51. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1995.5
  59. Hum PD, Subramanian S, Parker SM, Afentoulis ME, Kaler LJ, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. T-and B-cell-deficient mice with experimental stroke have reduced lesion size and inflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;27(11):1798-1805. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600482
  60. Stubbe T, Ebner F, Richter D, Engel O, Klehmet J, Royl G. Regulatory T cells accumulate and proliferate in the ischemic hemisphere for up to 30 days after MCAO. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33(1):37-47. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.128
  61. Yilmaz G, Arumugam TV, Stokes KY, Granger DN. Role of T lymphocytes and interferon-γ in ischemic stroke. Circulation. 2006;113(17):2105-2112. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593046
  62. Hug A, Dalpke A, Wieczorek N, Giese T, Lorenz A, Auf-farth G. Infarct volume is a major determiner of post-stroke immune cell function and susceptibility to infection. Stroke. 2009;40(10):3226-3232. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.557967
  63. Harms H, Reimnitz P, Bohner G, Werich T, Klingebiel R, Meisel C, Meisel A. Influence of stroke localization on autonomic activation, immunodepression, and post-stroke infection. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;32(6):552-560. https://doi.org/10.1159/000331922
  64. Walter U, Kolbaske S, Patejdl R, Steinhagen V, Abu-Mugheisib M, Grossmann A, Zingler C, Benecke R. Insular stroke is associated with acute sympathetic hyperactivation and immunodepression. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(1):153-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03818.x
  65. Becker KJ, Kalil AJ, Tanzi P, Zierath DK, Savos AV, Gee JM, Hadwin J, Carter KT, Shibata D, Cain KC. Autoimmune responses to the brain after stroke are associated with worse outcome. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2763-2769. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.619593
  66. Van Hemelrijck A, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Post-ischaemic mild hypothermia inhibits apoptosis in the penumbral region by reducing neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity and thereby preventing endothelin-1-induced hydroxyl radical formation. Eur J Neurosci. 2005;22(6):1327-1337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04331.x
  67. Shirley R, Ord EN, Work LM. Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in stroke. Antioxidants. 2014;3(3):472-501. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3030472
  68. Liu P, Xu B, Hock CE, Nagele R, Sun FF, Wong PY. NO modulates P-selectin and ICAM-1 mRNA expression and hemodynamic alterations in hepatic I/R. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(6):2191-2198. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.6.H2191
  69. Lambertsen KL, Biber K, Finsen B. Inflammatory cytokines in experimental and human stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32(9):1677-1698. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.88
  70. Stolp HB. Neuropoietic cytokines in normal brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Cel Neurosci. 2013;53:63-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2012.08.009
  71. Reyes R, Cardeñes B, Machado-Pineda Y, Cabañas C. Tetraspanin CD9: A key regulator of cell adhesion in the immune system. Front Immunol. 2018;9(863). https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00863
  72. Yang C, Hawkins KE, Doré S, Candelario-Jalil E. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2019;316(2):135-153. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00136.2018
  73. Ramiro L, Simats A, García-Berrocoso T, Montaner J. Inflammatory molecules might become both biomarkers and therapeutic targets for stroke management. Ther Adv Neurol Dis. 2018;11:1756286418789340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286418789340
  74. Dziewulska D, Mossakowski MJ. Cellular expression of tumor necrosis factor a and its receptors in human ischemic stroke. Clin Neuropathol. 2003;22(1):35-40.
  75. Zaremba J, Losy J. Early TNF-alpha levels correlate with ischaemic stroke severity. Acta Neurol Scand. 2001;104(5):288-295. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.00053.x
  76. Tarkowski E, Rosengren L, Blomstrand C, Wikkelso C, Jensen C, Ekholm S, Tarkowski A. Early intrathecal production of interleukin-6 predicts the size of brain lesion in stroke. Stroke. 1995;26(8):1393-1398. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.26.8.1393
  77. Hu X, Li P, Guo Y, Wang H, Leak R, Chen S, Gao Y, Chen J. Microglia/macrophage polarization dynamics reveal novel mechanism of injury expansion after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2012;43(11):3063-3070. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.659656
  78. Macrez R, Ali C, Toutirais O, Le Mauff B, Defer G, Dirnagl U, Vivien D. Stroke and the immune system: from pathophysiology to new therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(5):471-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70066-7
  79. Doll DN, Barr TL, Simpkins JW. Cytokines: their role in stroke and potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Aging Dis. 2014;5(5):294-306. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2014.0500294
  80. Raman D, Sobolik-Delmaire T, Richmond A. Chemokines in health and disease. Exp Cell Res. 2011;317(5):575-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.005
  81. Ransohoff RM. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: standing at the crossroads of immunobiology and neurobiology. Immunity. 2009;31(5):711-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2009.09.010
  82. Mennicken F, Maki R, de Souza EB, Quirion R. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in the CNS: a possible role in neuroinflammation and patterning. Trends Pharm Sci. 1999;20(2):73-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-6147(99)01308-5
  83. Piccardi B, Giralt D, Bustamante A, Llombart V, García-Berrocoso T, Inzitari D, Montaner J. Blood markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in cardioembolic stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomarkers. 2017;22(3-4):200-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354750X.2017.1286689
  84. Dimitrijevic OB, Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Absence of the chemokine receptor CCR2 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Stroke. 2007;38(4):1345-1353. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000259709.16654.8f
  85. Golab P, Kielbus M, Bielewicz J, Kurzepa J. The effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in vitro. Neurol Res. 2015;37(1):9-13. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743132814Y.0000000412
  86. Yang Y, Rosenberg GA. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets for stroke. Brain Res. 2015;1623:30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.024

Close metadata

Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.