The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Belova A.N.

Yaroslavl Regional Clinical Oncological Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia

Solov'eva V.S.

GBUZ «Gorodskaja klinicheskaja bolnitsa №3», Nizhniĭ Novgorod

Boĭko A.N.

KGBUZ "Krasnoiarskiĭ kraevoĭ Tsentr po profilaktike i bor'be so SPID i infektsionnymi zabolevaniiami"

Anemia and dysregulation of iron metabolism in multiple sclerosis

Authors:

Belova A.N., Solov'eva V.S., Boĭko A.N.

More about the authors

Journal: S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2018;118(8‑2): 10‑17

DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811808210

Read: 9706 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

ANEMIA AND DYSREGULATION OF IRON METABOLISM IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
ANEMIA AND DYSREGULATION OF IRON METABOLISM IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

To cite this article:

Belova AN, Solov'eva VS, Boĭko AN. Anemia and dysregulation of iron metabolism in multiple sclerosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2018;118(8‑2):10‑17. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201811808210

Подписка 2026 Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски (S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry (special issues))
 
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Low-level laser therapy in multiple scle­rosis: justification and opti­mization methods of application. (Literature review). Problems of Balneology, Physiotherapy and Exercise Therapy. 2024;(5):45-56
The role of ferroptosis in reproduction. A modern view of the problem. Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2024;(5):35-45
Glial fibrillary acidic protein: is there a rela­tionship with the course of multiple scle­rosis and traumatic brain injury before the onset of multiple scle­rosis?. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(10):80-84
An indi­vidual approach to the diagnosis and treatment of an acute psychotic condition in a patient with a multiple scle­rosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(10):97-102
Cost of supportive cancer care in the Russian Fede­ration. Part 2. Medi­cal Technologies. Asse­ssment and Choice. 2024;(4):63-73
Surgical treatment of seco­ndary trigeminal neuralgia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(11):203-209
Oxidative stress, ferroptosis, soma­tic muta­tions, antioxidant therapy, and endo­metriosis: a new perspective on the issue. Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2024;(6):32-44
Quality of life of patients with multiple scle­rosis in the Smolensk region. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(12):36-40
Hormonal contraception methods and multiple scle­rosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(1):24-30
Epidemiology of multiple scle­rosis in the city of Novo­sibirsk. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(1):119-127
Abstract:

Anemia is one of the common diseases comorbid with multiple sclerosis (MS). This article reviews the prevalence and types of anemia in MS patients. It has been shown that anemia is often accompanied by a decrease in serum iron level. The authors present the data on iron metabolism in patients with MS and MRI findings concerning deposits of iron in the gray matter of the brain. The causal relationship between abnormalities in iron metabolism and MS remains unclear; this study allows to approach the understanding of the MS pathogenesis and to increase the efficacy of therapy for this disease.

Keywords:

multiple sclerosis
anemia
iron

Authors:

Belova A.N.

Yaroslavl Regional Clinical Oncological Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia

Solov'eva V.S.

GBUZ «Gorodskaja klinicheskaja bolnitsa №3», Nizhniĭ Novgorod

Boĭko A.N.

KGBUZ "Krasnoiarskiĭ kraevoĭ Tsentr po profilaktike i bor'be so SPID i infektsionnymi zabolevaniiami"

Close metadata

References:

  1. Tettey P, Siejka D, Simpson SJr, Taylor B, Blizzard L, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, van der Mei I. Frequency of Comorbidities and Their Association with Clinical Disability and Relapse in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;46(2):106-113. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442203
  2. Koudriavtseva T, Renna R, Plantone D, Mandoj C, Piattella MC, Giannarelli D. Association between anemia and multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol. 2015;73:233-237. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381212
  3. Bein BJ, Goopta R. Handbook of Hetatology. M.: BINOM; 2004. (In Russ.)
  4. Kang JH, Chen YH, Lin HC. Comorbidities amongst patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based controlled study. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1215-1219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02971.x
  5. Kocer B, Engur S, Ak F, Yılmaz M. Serum Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine Levels and Their Association with Clinical and Electrophysiological Parameters in Multiple Sclerosis. J of Clin Neurosci. 2009;16(3):399-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2008.05.015
  6. Rodrigo L, Hernández-Lahoz C, Fuentes D, Alvarez N, López-Vázquez A, González S. Prevalence of celiac disease in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:31-38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-11-31
  7. Shaygannejad V, Ardestani PE, Ghasemi M, Meamar R. Restless legs syndrome in Iranian multiple sclerosis patients: a case-control study. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(suppl 2):189-193.
  8. Mir-Reza S, Tabatabaeiyan M, Doosti R. Is anemia a probable cause of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis? Iran J Neurol. 2013;12:35-36.
  9. Rieckmann P, O’Connor P, Francis GS, Wetherill G, Alteri E. Haematological effects of interferon-beta-1a (Rebif) therapy in multiple sclerosis. Drug Saf. 2004;27:745-756.
  10. Baker HWG, Balla JI, Burger HG. Multiple sclerosis and autoimmune diseases. Aust N Z J Med. 1972;2:256-260.
  11. De Keyser J. Autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1988;38:371-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-006-9019-0
  12. Cendrowski W. Multiple sclerosis and diseases of autoimmune or related origin. Mater Med Pol. 1989;21:327-329.
  13. Seyfert S, Klapps P, Meisel C, Fischer T, Junghan U. Multiple sclerosis and other immunologic diseases. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990;81:37-42.
  14. Barcellos LF, Kamdar BB, Ramsay PP. Clustering of autoimmune diseases in families with a high-risk for multiple sclerosis A descriptive study. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:924-931.
  15. Langer-Gould A, Albers K, Van Den Eeden S, Nelson LM. Autoimmune diseases prior to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A population-based case-control study. Mult Scler. 2010;16:855-861. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458510369146
  16. Ramagopalan SV, Dyment DA, Valdar W, Herrera BM, Criscuoli M, Yee IM, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC, Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Autoimmune disease in families with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(7):604-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70132-1
  17. Marrie RA, Reider N, Cohen J, Stuve O, Sorensen PS, Cutter G, Reingold SC, Trojano M. A systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of autoimmune disease in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2015;21:282-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458514564490
  18. Nielsen N, Frisch M, Rostgaard K, Wohlfahrt J, Hjalgrim H, Koch-Henriksen N, Melbye M, Westergaard T. Autoimmune diseases in patients with multiple sclerosis and their first-degree relatives: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Mult Scler. 2008;14:823-829. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458508088936
  19. Saeedi M, Forughipour M, Sasannezhad P, Shoeibi A. Interferon-beta-1b induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with MS: a case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011;13:210-212.
  20. Nerrant E, Charif M, Ramay AS, Perrochia H, Patrier L, de Champfleur NM, Renard D, Labauge P. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: an unusual complication of interferon-β treatment in a MS patient. J Neurol. 2013;260:1915-1916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-013-6961-8
  21. Lysandropoulos AP, Benghiat F. Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a fingolimod-treated multiple sclerosis patient. Mult Scler. 2013;19:1551-1552. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458513493035
  22. Larochelle C, Grand’maison F, Bernier GP, Latour M, Cailhier JF, Prat A. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients on high-dose interferon β. Mult Scler. 2014;20:1783-1787. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458514523692
  23. Alanoglu G, Kilbas S, Arslan C, Senol A, Kutluhan S. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia during interferon-beta-I b treatment for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2007;13:683-685.
  24. Aslam AK, Singh T. Aplastic anemia associated with interferon beta-1a. Am J Ther. 2002;9:522-523.
  25. Monteleone F, Buccisano F, Boffa L, Buttari F, Di Veroli A, Borriello G, Rossi S, Centonze D. Reversible hyporegenerative anemia during natalizumab treatment. Mult Scler. 2015;21(2):257-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458514546516
  26. Bertero MT, Caligaris-Cappio F. Anemia of chronic disorders in systemic autoimmune diseases. Haematologica. 1997;82(3):375-381.
  27. Means RT Jr. Pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease: a cytokine-mediated anemia. Stem Cells. 1995;13(1):32-37.
  28. Wians FH Jr, Urban JE, Keffer JH, Kroft SH. Discriminating between iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease using traditional indices of iron status vs transferrin receptor concentration. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;115(1):112-118. https://doi.org/10.1309/6l34-v3ar-dw39-dh30
  29. Rukovitzin OA. Anemia in chonic diseases: some aspects of pathogenesis and therapy. Oncohematologia. 2016;11(1):37-46. (In Russ.)
  30. Hon GM, Hassan MS, van Rensburg SJ, Erasmus RT, Matsha T. The haematological profile of patients with multiple sclerosis. Open J Mod Neurosurg. 2012;2:36-44.
  31. Brooks D, Leenders KL, Head G, Marshall TJ, Legg NJ, Jones T. Studies on Regional Cerebral Oxygen Utilisation and Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis. J of Neurol, Neurosurg & Psych. 1984;47(11):1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.47.11.1182
  32. Van Rensburg SJ, Kotze MJ, Hon D, Haug P, Kuyler J, Hendricks M, Botha J, Potocnik VFC, Matsha T, Erasmus RT. Iron and the Folate-Vitamin B12-Methylation Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2006; 21(2-3):121-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-006-019-0
  33. Sfagos C, Makis AC, Chaidos A, Hatzimichael EC, Dalamaga A, Kosma K, Bourantas KL. Serum Ferritin, Transferrin and Soluble Transferrin Receptor Levels in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Mult Scler. 2005;11(3):272-275. https://doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1171oa
  34. Skjørringe T, Møller LB, Moos T. Impairment of interrelated iron- and copper homeostatic mechanisms in brain contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00169
  35. Benarroch EE. Brain iron homeostasis and neurodegenerative disease. Neurology. 2009;72:1436-1440. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a26b30
  36. Hallgren B, Sourander P. The effect of age on the non-haemin iron in the human brain. J Neurochem. 1958;3:41-45.
  37. Stankiewicz JM, Neema M, Ceccarelli A. Iron and multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol of Ageing. 2014;35:51-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.039
  38. Aoki S, Okada Y, Nishimura K, Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO, Brasch RC, Norman D. Normal deposition of brain iron in childhood and adolescence: MRI imaging at 1.5T. Radiology. 1989;172:381-385.
  39. Stankiewicz J, Panter SS, Neema M, Arora A, Batt CE, Bakshi R. Iron in chronic brain disorders: imaging and neurotherapeutic implications. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4:371-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.006
  40. Haacke EM, Cheng NY, House MJ, Liu Q, Neelavalli J, Ogg RJ, Khan A, Ayaz M, Kirsch W, Obenaus A. Imaging iron stores in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;23:1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2004.10.001
  41. Schenck JF, Zimmerman EA. High-field magnetic resonance imaging of brain iron: birth of a biomarker? NMR Biomed. 2004;17:433-445. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.922
  42. Madsen E, Gitlin JD. Copper and iron disorders of the brain. Ann Rev Neurosci. 2007;30:317-337. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094232
  43. Drayer B, Burger P, Hurwitz B, Dawson D, Cain J. Reduced signal intensity on MR images of thalamus and putamen in multiple sclerosis: increased iron content? Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149:357-363.
  44. Drayer BP, Burger P, Hurwitz B, Dawson D, Cain J, Leong J, Herfkens R, Johnson GA. Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: decreased signal in thalamus and putamen. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:546-550.
  45. Bakshi R, Benedict RH, Bermel RA, Caruthers SD, Puli SR, Tjoa CW, Fabiano AJ, Jacobs L. T2 hypointensity in the deep gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:62-68.
  46. Bakshi R, Dmochowski J, Shaikh ZA, Jacobs L. Gray matter T2 hypointensityis related to plaques and atrophy in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci. 2001;185:19-26.
  47. Bakshi R, Shaikh ZA, Janardhan V. MRI T2 shortening (’black T2’) inmultiple sclerosis: frequency, location, and clinical correlation. Neuroreport. 2000;11:15-21.
  48. Bermel RA, Puli SR, Rudick RA, Weinstock-Guttman B, Fisher E, Munschauer 3rd FE, Bakshi R. Prediction of longitudinal brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis by gray matter magnetic resonance imaging T2 hypointensity. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1371-1376. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.9.1371
  49. Brass SD, Benedict RH, Weinstock-Guttman B, Munschauer F, Bakshi R. Cognitive impairment is associated with subcortical magnetic resonance imaging grey matter T2 hypointensity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2006;12:437-444. https://doi.org/10.1191/135248506ms1301oa
  50. Brass SD, Chen NK, Mulkern RV, Bakshi R. Magnetic resonance imaging of iron deposition in neurological disorders. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;17:31-40. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.rmr.0000245459.82782.e4
  51. Ceccarelli A, Filippi M, Neema M, Arora A, Valsasina P, Rocca MA, Healy BC, Baksh R. T2 hypointensity in the deep gray matter of patients with benign multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2009;15:678-686. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458509103611
  52. Ceccarelli A, Rocca MA, Neema M, Martinelli V, Arora A, Tauhid S, Ghezzi A, Comi G, Bakshi R, Filippi M. Deep gray matter T2 hypointensity is present in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2010;16:39-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458509350310
  53. Ceccarelli A, Rocca MA, Perego E, Moiola L, Ghezzi A, Martinelli V, Comi G, Filippi M. Deep grey matter T2 hypo-intensity in patients with paediatric multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2011;17:702-707. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458510395645
  54. Neema M, Arora A, Healy BC, Guss ZD, Brass SD, Duan Y, Buckle GJ, Glanz BI, Stazzone L, Khoury SJ, Weiner HL, Guttmann CR, Bakshi R. Deep gray matter involvement on brain MRI scans is associated with clinical progression in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 2009;19:3-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2008.00296.x
  55. Neema M, Stankiewicz J, Arora A, Dandamudi VS, Batt CE, Guss ZD, Al-Sabbagh A, Bakshi R. T1- and T2-based MRI measures of diffuse gray matter and white matter damage in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 2007;17:16-21.
  56. Tjoa CW, Benedict RH, Weinstock-Guttman B, Fabiano AJ, Bakshi R. MRI T2 hypointensity of the dentate nucleus is related to ambulatory impairment in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2005;234:17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2005.02.009
  57. Zhang Y, Metz LM, Yong VW, Mitchell JR. 3T deep gray matter T2 hypointensity correlates with disability over time in stable relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a 3-year pilot study. J Neurol Sci. 2010;297:76-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2010.07.014
  58. Zhang Y, Zabad R, Wei X, Metz L, Hill M, Mitchell J. Deep grey matter «black T2» on 3 tesla magnetic resonance imaging correlates with disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2007;13:880-883. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458507076411
  59. Pawate S, Wang L, Song Y, Sriram S. Analysis of T2 intensity by magnetic resonance imaging of deep gray matter nuclei in multiple sclerosis patients: effect of immunomodulatory therapies. J Neuroimaging. 2012;22(2):137-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2011.00622.x
  60. Ge Y, Jensen JH, Lu H, Helpern JA, Miles L, Inglese M, Babb JS, Herbert J, Grossman RI. Quantitative assessment of iron accumulation in the deep gray matter of multiple sclerosis by magnetic field correlation imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:1639-1644. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0646
  61. Hammond KE, Metcalf M, Carvajal L, Okuda DT, Srinivasan R, Vigneron D, Nelson SJ, Pelletier D. Quantitative in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis at 7 Tesla with sensitivity to iron. Ann Neurol. 2008;64:707-713. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21582
  62. Habib CA, Liu M, Bawany N, Garbern J, Krumbein I, Mentzel HJ, Reichenbach J, Magnano, C, Zivadinov R, Haacke EM. Assessing abnormal iron content in the deep gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis versus healthy controls. Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33:252-258. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2773
  63. Hagemeier J, Weinstock-Guttman B, Bergsland N, Heininen-Brown M, Carl E, Kennedy C, Magnano C, Hojnacki D, Dwyer MG, Zivadinov R. Iron deposition on SWI-filtered phase in the subcortical deep gray matter of patients with clinically isolated syndrome may precede structure-specific atrophy. Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33:1596-1601. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3030
  64. Hagemeier J, Weinstock-Guttman B, Heininen-Brown M, Poloni GU, Bergsland N, Schirda C, Magnano CR, Kennedy C, Carl E, Dwyer MG, Minagar A, Zivadinov R. Gray matter SWI-filtered phase and atrophy are linked to disability in MS. Front Biosci. 2013;5:525-532.
  65. Hagemeier J, Yeh EA, Brown MH, Bergsland N, Dwyer MG, Carl E, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R. Iron content of the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus is increased in adolescent multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2013;9:567-576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458512459289
  66. Bagnato F, Hametner S, Welch EB. Visualizing iron in multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;31:376-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2012.11.011
  67. Khalil M, Enzinger C, Langkammer C, Tscherner M, Wallner-Blazek M, Jehna M, Ropele S, Fuchs S, Fazekas F. Quantitative assessment of brain iron by R(2)* relaxometry in patients with clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2009;15:1048-1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7670-2
  68. Khalil M, Langkammer C, Ropele S, Petrovic K, Wallner-Blazek M, Loitfelder M., Jehna M, Bachmaier G, Schmidt R, Enzinger C, Fuchs S, Fazekas F. Determinants of brain iron in multiple sclerosis: a quantitative 3T MRI study. Neurology. 2011;77:1691-1697.
  69. Khalil M, Teunissen C, Langkammer C. Iron and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int. 2011;60:6807. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/606807
  70. Lebel RM, Eissa A, Seres P, Blevins G, Wilman AH. Quantitative high-field imaging of sub-cortical graymatter in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2012;18:433-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458511428464
  71. Pitt D, Boster A, Pei W, Wohleb E, Jasne A, Zachariah CR, Rammohan K, Knopp MV, Schmalbrock P. Imaging cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis with ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:812-818. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2010.148
  72. Ropele S, de Graaf W, Khalil M, Wattjes MP, Langkammer C, Rocca MA, Rovira A, Palace J, Barkhof F, Filippi M, Fazekas F. MRI assessment of iron deposition in multiple sclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;34:13-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22590
  73. Rumzan R, Wang JJ, Zeng C, Chen X, Li Y, Luo T, Lv F, Wang ZP, Hou H, Huang F. Iron deposition in the precentral grey matter in patients with multiple sclerosis: a quantitative study using susceptibility-weighted imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:95-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.09.006
  74. Walsh AJ, Blevins G, Lebel RM, Seres P, Emery DJ, Wilman AH. Longitudinal MR imaging of iron in multiple sclerosis: an imaging marker of disease. Radiology. 2014;270:186-196. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13130474
  75. Zivadinov R, Heininen-Brown M, Schirda CV, Poloni GU, Bergsland N, Magnano CR, Durfee J, Kennedy C, Carl E, Hagemeier J, Benedict RH, Weinstock-Guttman B, Dwyer MG. Abnormal subcortical deep-gray matter susceptibility-weighted imaging filtered phase measurements in patients with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neuroimage. 2012;59:331-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.045
  76. Stephenson E, Nathoo N, Mahjoub Y, Dunn JF, Yong VW. Iron in multiple sclerosis: roles in neurodegeneration and repair. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10:459-468. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.118
  77. Craelius W, Migdal MW, Luessenhop CP, Sugar A, Mihalakis I. Iron deposits surrounding multiple sclerosis plaques. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1982;106:397-399.
  78. Hametner S, Wimmer I, Haider L, Pfeifenbring S, Brück W, Lassmann H. Iron and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain. Ann Neurol. 2013;74:848-861. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23974
  79. Adams CW, Perivascular iron deposition and other vascular damage in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:260-265.
  80. Yao B, Bagnato F, Matsuura E, Merkle H, van Gelderen P, Cantor FK, Duyn JH. Chronic multiple sclerosis lesions: characterization with high-fieldstrength MR imaging. Radiology. 2012;262:206-215. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11110601
  81. Bamm VV, Harauz G. Hemoglobin as a source of iron overload in multiple sclerosis: does multiple sclerosis share risk factors with vascular disorders? Cel and Mol Life Sci. 2014;71(10):1789-1798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1570-y
  82. Halliwell B. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now? J Neurochem. 2006;97:1634-1658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03907.x
  83. Gilgun-Sherki Y, Melamed E, Offen D. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: the need for effective antioxidant therapy. J Neurol. 2004;251:261-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-004-0348-9
  84. Mahad D, Ziabreva I, Lassmann H, Turnbull D. Mitochondrial defects in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain. 2008;131:1722-1735. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn105
  85. Altinoz MA, Ozcan EM, Ince B, Guloksuz S. Hemoglobins as new players in multiple sclerosis: metabolic and immune aspects. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2016;31(5):983-992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-016-9845-7
  86. Kress GJ, Dineley KE, Reynolds IJ. The relationship between intracellular free iron and cell injury in cultured neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci. 2002;22:5848-5855.
  87. Brown N, Alkhayer K, Clement SR, Singhal N, Gregory R, Azzam S, Li S. Neuronal hemoglobin expression and its relevance to multiple sclerosis neuropathology. J of Mol Neurosci. 2016;59(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-015-0711-6
  88. Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B, Pirko I. Iron deposition and inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Which one comes first? BMC Neurosci. 2011; 12:60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-12-60
  89. Bowern N, Ramshaw I, Clark I, Doherty P. Inhibition of autoimmune neuropathological process by treatment with an iron chelating agent. J Exp Med. 1984;160:1532-1543.
  90. Pedchenko TV, LeVine SM. Desferrioxamine suppresses experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by MBP in SJL mice. J Neuroimmunol. 1999;84:188-197.
  91. Weilbach FX, Chan A, Toyka KV, Gold R. The cardioprotector dexrazoxane augments therapeutic efficacy of mitoxantrone in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;135:49-55.
  92. Lynch SG, Peters K, LeVine SM. Desferrioxamine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Mult Scler. 1996;2:157-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/135245859600200306
  93. Lynch SG, Fonseca T, LeVine SM. A multiple course trial of desferrioxamine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2000;46:865-869.
  94. Norstrand IF, Craelius W. A trial of deferoxamine (Desferal) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. A pilot study. Clin Trials J. 1989;26:365-369.
  95. Weigel KJ, Lynch SG, LeVine SM. Iron chelation and multiple sclerosis. ASN Neuro. 2014;6:00136.
  96. Créange A, Lefaucheur JP, Balleyguier MO, Galactéros F. Iron depletion induced by bloodletting and followed by rhEPO administration as a therapeutic strategy in progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot, open-label study with neurophysiological measurements. Neurophysiol Clin. 2013;43:303-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2013.09.004
  97. Langemann H, Kabiersch A, Newcombe J. Measurement of low-molecularweight antioxidants, uric acid, tyrosine and tryptophan in plaques and white matter from patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol. 1992;32:248-252.
  98. Oliveira SR, Kallaur AP, Simão AN, Morimoto HK, Lopes J, Panis C, Petenucci DL, da Silva E, Cecchini R, Kaimen-Maciel DR, Reiche EM.Oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis patients in clinical remission: association with the expanded disability status scale. J Neurol Sci. 2012;321:49-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2012.07.045
  99. Massacesi L, Abbamondi AL, Giorgi C, Sarlo F, Lolli F, Amaducci L. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by retinoic acid. J Neurol Sci. 1987;80:55-64.
  100. Spitsin SV, Scott GS, Mikheeva T, Zborek A, Kean RB, Brimer CM, Koprowski H, Hooper DC. Comparison of uric acid and ascorbic acid in protection against EAE. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002;33:1363-1371.
  101. Marracci GH, Jones RE, McKeon GP, Bourdette DN. Alpha lipoic acid inhibits T cell migration into the spinal cord and suppresses and treats experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2002;13:104-114.
  102. Shindler KS, Ventura E, Dutt M, Elliott P, Fitzgerald DC, Rostami A. Oral resveratrol reduces neuronal damage in a model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2010;30:328-339. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0b013e3181f7f833
  103. Xin J, Feinstein DL, Hejna MJ, Lorens SA, McGuire SO. Beneficial effects of blueberries in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60:5743-5748. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf203611t
  104. Aktas O, Prozorovski T, Smorodchenko A, Savaskan NE, Lauster R, Kloetzel PM, Infante-Duarte C, Brocke S, Zipp E. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate mediates T cellular NF-kappa B inhibition and exerts neuroprotection in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. 2004;173:5794-5800.
  105. Fiebiger SM, Bros H, Grobosch T, Janssen A, Chanvillard C, Paul F, Dörr J, Millward JM, Infante-Duarte C. The antioxidant idebenone fails to prevent or attenuate chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the mouse. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;262:66-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.07.002
  106. Linker RA, Lee DH, Ryan S, van Dam AM, Conrad R, Bista P, Zeng W, Hronowsky X, Buko A, Chollate S, Ellrichmann G, Brück W, Dawson K, Goelz S, Wiese S, Scannevin RH, Lukashev M, Gold R. Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Brain. 2011;134:678-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq386
  107. Bisaga GN, Odinak MM, Boĭko AN, Mel’nik YuB, Popova NF. Possibilities of treatment of multiple sclerosis exacerbations without corticosteroids: a role of metabolic and antioxidant therapy. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2011;2:44-48. (In Rus.)
  108. Gonsette RE, Sindic C, D’hooghe MB, De Deyn PP, Medaer R, Michotte A, Seeldrayers P, Guillaume D. Neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis: the Association of Inosine and Interferon ASIIMS study group. Boosting endogenous beta in relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (ASIIMS) trial. Mult Scler. 2010;16:455-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458509360547
  109. Schwarz S, Leweling H. Multiple sclerosis and nutrition. Mult Scler. 2005;11:24-32. https://doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1119oa
  110. Zhang SM, Hernán MA, Olek MJ, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Intakes of carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E and MS risk among two large cohorts of women. Neurology. 2001;57:75-80.
  111. Esposito BP, Breuer W, Sirankapracha P, Pootrakul P, Hershko C, Cabantchik ZI. Labile plasma iron in iron overload: redox activity and susceptibility to chelation. Blood. 2003;102:2670-2677. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-03-0807
  112. Kell DB. Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases. BMC Med Genomics. 2009;2:2-79. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8794-2-2
  113. Wang DH, Li YM, Wu TH, Li J, Su DH, Xiang NW, Xiang Z. Erythropoietin levels in patients with multiple sclerosis complicated with anemia. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2013;35(1):84-87. https://doi.org/10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2013.01.016
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.