The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Filippov V.M.

Research Institute of Eye Diseases

Petrachkov D.V.

Research Institute of Eye Diseases

Budzinskaya M.V.

Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases

Matyushchenko A.G.

Research Institute of Eye Diseases

The role of neurodegeneration biomarkers in the management of patients with diabetic retinopathy

Authors:

Filippov V.M., Petrachkov D.V., Budzinskaya M.V., Matyushchenko A.G.

More about the authors

Journal: Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2021;137(5‑2): 314‑322

DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2021137052314

Views: 1681

Downloaded: 126

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

THE ROLE OF NEURODEGENERATION BIOMARKERS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
THE ROLE OF NEURODEGENERATION BIOMARKERS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

To cite this article:

Filippov VM, Petrachkov DV, Budzinskaya MV, Matyushchenko AG. The role of neurodegeneration biomarkers in the management of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2021;137(5‑2):314‑322. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2021137052314

Подписка 2025-2 (Russian Annals of Ophthalmology)
 
МСФ на ЯМ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Impact of SGLT2 inhi­bitors on erythropoiesis and iron exchange in patients with diabetes mellitus and chro­nic heart failure. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(5):103-110
Inci­dence of carbohydrate meta­bolism diso­rder in iron overload of different etiology. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(5):111-117
Fatal case of rhinocerebral muco­rmycosis on the background of type II diabetes mellitus. Russian Journal of Archive of Pathology. 2024;(3):52-58
Electroencephalography: features of the obtained data and its applicability in psychiatry. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(5):31-39
Enda­rterectomy from supe­rficial femo­ral artery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Russian Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2024;(3):285-293
Evaluation of reva­scularization effi­ciency using near-infrared oximetry in patients with diabetic foot syndrome. Piro­gov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2024;(6):20-27
Features of the oral microbiota in patients with type II diabetes in the background of dental implantation. Russian Journal of Stomatology. 2024;(2):21-26
The problem of diabetes mellitus in obstetrics. Russian Bulletin of Obstetrician-Gynecologist. 2024;(3):25-29
Skin alte­rations as possible clinical markers of diabetes mellitus and meta­bolic syndrome. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(7):101-107
Treatment of atopic dermatitis considering asse­ssment of neurotransmitters in blood. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2024;(4):368-376

This literature review focuses on the role of disease biomarkers in the management of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) investigating in detail the problem of retinal neurodegeneration in such patients. Identification and assessment of the significance of qualitative and quantitative biomarkers of DR and neurodegeneration can complement screening examination, as well as help predict the course of the disease and the response to therapy. A comprehensive analysis of these factors allows for effective treatment and prevention of complications in patients with DR based on prognostic models and dynamic monitoring of these indicators.

Keywords:

diabetes mellitus
diabetic retinopathy
neurodegeneration
biomarkers
neurodegenerative biomarkers

Authors:

Filippov V.M.

Research Institute of Eye Diseases

Petrachkov D.V.

Research Institute of Eye Diseases

Budzinskaya M.V.

Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases

Matyushchenko A.G.

Research Institute of Eye Diseases

Received:

24.11.2020

Accepted:

11.02.2021

List of references:

  1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global Prevalence of Diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047-1053. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047
  2. Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, et al. Meta-Analysis for Eye Disease (META-EYE) Study Group. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):556-564.  https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1909
  3. Leasher JL, Bourne RR, Flaxman SR, et al. Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-analysis from 1990 to 2010. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):2096. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-2171
  4. Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S, Ackland P, et al. Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990—2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2017;5(12):1221-1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30393-5
  5. Klein BE. Overview of epidemiologic studies of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2007;14(4):179-183.  https://doi.org/10.1080/09286580701396720
  6. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001;69(3):89-95.  https://doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2001.113989
  7. Podkowinski D, Orlowski-Wimmer E, Zlabinger G, Pollreisz A, Mursch-Edlmayr AS, Mariacher S, Ring M, Bolz M. Aqueous humour cytokine changes during a loading phase of intravitreal ranibizumab or dexamethasone implant in diabetic macular oedema. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2020;98(4): 407-415.  https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14297
  8. Borrelli E, Palmieri M, Viggiano P, Ferro G, Mastropasqua R. Photoreceptor damage in diabetic choroidopathy. Retina. 2020;40(6):1062-1069. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002538
  9. Van de Kreeke JA, Darma S, Chan Pin Yin JMPL, Tan HS, Abramoff MD, Twisk JWR, Verbraak FD. The spatial relation of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration with diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231552
  10. Tsai ASH, Gan ATL, Ting DSW, Wong CW, et al. Diabetic macular ischemia: Correlation of Retinal Vasculature Changes by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Functional Deficit. Retina. 2020;40(11):2184-2190. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002721
  11. Kim K, Kim ES, Kim DG, Yu S-Y. Progressive retinal neurodegeneration and microvascular change in diabetic retinopathy: longitudinal study using OCT angiography. Acta Diabetologica. 2019;56(12):1275-1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-019-01395-6
  12. Budzinskaya MV, Lipatov DV, Pavlov VG, Petrachkov DV. Biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy. Saharnyj diabet. 2020;23(1):88-94. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14341/DM10045
  13. Yarilin AA. Immunologiya. M.: GEOTAR-Media; 2010. (In Russ.).
  14. Mesquida M, Drawnel F, Fauser S. The role of inflammation in diabetic eye disease. Seminars in Immunopathology. 2019;41(4):427-445.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-019-00750-7
  15. Bandyopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay SK, Saha M, Sinha A. Study of aqueous cytokines in patients with different patterns of diabetic macular edema based on optical coherence tomography. International Ophthalmology. 2018;38(1): 241-249.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-017-0453-2
  16. Mehrabadi ME, Salemi Z, Babaie S, Panahi M. Effect of Biochanin A on Retina Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interleukin-1Beta in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2018;42(6):639-644.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.03.008
  17. Yenihayat F, Özkan B, Kasap M, Karabaş VL, Güzel N, Akpınar G, Pirhan D. Vitreous IL-8 and VEGF levels in diabetic macular edema with or without subretinal fluid. International Ophthalmology. 2019;39(4):821-828.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0874-6
  18. Fabiani C, Sota J, Tosi GM, Franceschini R, Frediani B, Galeazzi M, Rigante D, Cantarini L. The emerging role of interleukin (IL)-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory and degenerative eye diseases. Clinical Rheumatology. 2017;36(10):2307-2318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3527-z
  19. Mendiola AS, Cardona AE. The IL-1β phenomena in neuroinflammatory diseases. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2018;125(5):781-795.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1732-9
  20. Feng S, Yu H, Yu Y, Geng Y, Li D, Yang C, Lv Q, Lu L, Liu T, Li G, Yuan L. Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, and TNF-α in Aqueous Humour of Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2018;2018:8546423. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8546423
  21. Wooff Y, Man SM, Aggio-Bruce R, Natoli R, Fernando N. IL-1 Family Members Mediate Cell Death, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019;10:1618. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01618
  22. Qiu A-W, Liu Q-H, Wang J-L. Blocking IL-17A Alleviates Diabetic Retinopathy in Rodents. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 2017;41(3): 960-972.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000460514
  23. Li Y, Zhou Y. Interleukin-17: The Role for Pathological Angiogenesis in Ocular Neovascular Diseases. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2019;247(2):87-98.  https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.247.87
  24. Yao Y, Li R, Du J, Long L, Li X, Luo N. Interleukin-6 and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current Eye Research. 2019;44(5):564-574.  https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2019.1570274
  25. Barber AJ, Gardner TW, Abcouwer SF. The Significance of Vascular and Neural Apoptosis to the Pathology of Diabetic Retinopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2011;52(2):1156. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6293
  26. Zur D, Iglicki M, Busch C, Invernizzi A, Mariussi M, Loewenstein A. International Retina Group. OCT Biomarkers as Functional Outcome Predictors in Diabetic Macular Edema Treated with Dexamethasone Implant. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(2):267-275.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.08.031
  27. Saint-Geniez M, Maharaj AS, Walshe TE, Tucker BA, Sekiyama E, Kurihara T, Darland DC, Young MJ, D’Amore PA. Endogenous VEGF Is Required for Visual Function: Evidence for a Survival Role on Müller Cells and Photoreceptors. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003554
  28. Saddala MS, Lennikov A, Huang H. Placental growth factor regulates the pentose phosphate pathway and antioxidant defense systems in human retinal endothelial cells. Journal of Proteomics. 2020;217:103682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103682
  29. Pratt CW, Cornely K. Essential Biochemistry. 4th Edition. Wiley; 2017.
  30. Barnstable CJ, Tombran-Tink J. Neuroprotective and antiangiogenic actions of PEDF in the eye: molecular targets and therapeutic potential. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2004;23(5):561-577.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.05.002
  31. He X, Cheng R, Benyajati S, Ma J. PEDF and its roles in physiological and pathological conditions: implication in diabetic and hypoxia-induced angiogenic diseases. Clinical Science. 2015;128(11):805-823.  https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20130463
  32. Shen X, Xie B, Cheng Y, Jiao Q, Zhong Y. Effect of Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor on the Expression of Glutamine Synthetase in Early Phase of Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2011;19(4):246-254.  https://doi.org/10.3109/09273948.2011.580073
  33. Yoshida Y, Yamagishi S, Matsui T, Jinnouchi Y, Fukami K, Imaizumi T, Yamakawa R. Protective role of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in early phase of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2009;25(7):678-686.  https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.1007
  34. Chernykh VV, Varvarinsky EV, Smirnov EV, Chernykh DV, Trunov AN. Proliferative and inflammatory factors in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015;63(1):33-36.  https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.151464
  35. Li S, Fu XA, Zhou XF, Chen YY, Chen WQ. Angiogenesis-related cytokines in serum of proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients before and after vitrectomy. International Journal of Ophthalmology. 2012;5(6):726-730.  https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.06.14
  36. Mohan N, Monickaraj F, Balasubramanyam M, Rema M, Mohan V. Imbalanced levels of angiogenic and angiostatic factors in vitreous, plasma and postmortem retinal tissue of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2012;26(5):435-441.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.005
  37. Demircan N, Safran BG, Soylu M, Ozcan AA, Sizmaz S. Determination of vitreous interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eye. 2006;20(12):1366-1369. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6702138
  38. Suzuki Y, Nakazawa M, Suzuki K, Yamazaki H, Miyagawa Y. Expression profiles of cytokines and chemokines in vitreous fluid in diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2011;55(3):256-263.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-011-0004-8
  39. Ali TK, Al-Gayyar MM, Matragoon S, Pillai BA, Abdelsaid MA, Nussbaum JJ, El-Remessy AB. Diabetes-induced peroxynitrite impairs the balance of pro-nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor, and causes neurovascular injury. Diabetologia. 2011;54(3):657-668.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1935-1
  40. Stem M, Gardner T. Neurodegeneration in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2013;20(26):3241-3250. https://doi.org/10.2174/09298673113209990027
  41. Somilleda-Ventura SA, Ceballos-Reyes GM, Lima-Gómez V. Comparison of macular retinal sensitivity and its contribution to the foveal sensitivity between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with normal visual acuity. Journal of Optometry. 2019;12(3):180-185.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2018.08.001
  42. Scarinci F, Varano M, Parravano M. Retinal Sensitivity Loss Correlates with Deep Capillary Plexus Impairment in Diabetic Macular Ischemia. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019;2019:7589841. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7589841
  43. Yoshimura T, Sonoda KH, Sugahara M, Mochizuki Y, Enaida H, Oshima Y, Ueno A, Hata Y, Yoshida H, Ishibashi T. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases. PLoS One. 2009;4(12):e8158. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008158
  44. Hammes HP, Federoff HJ, Brownlee M. Nerve growth factor prevents both neuroretinal programmed cell death and capillary pathology in experimental diabetes. Molecular Medicine. 1995;1(5):527-534. 
  45. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study design and baseline patient characteristics. ETDRS report number 7. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5 Suppl): 741-756.  https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(13)38009-9
  46. Park JC, Chen YF, Liu M, Liu K, McAnany JJ. Structural and Functional Abnormalities in Early-stage Diabetic Retinopathy. Current Eye Research. 2020;45(8):975-985.  https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2019.1705983
  47. Ro-Mase T, Ishiko S, Omae T, Ishibazawa A, Shimouchi A, Yoshida A. Association Between Alterations of the Choriocapillaris Microcirculation and Visual Function and Cone Photoreceptors in Patients With Diabetes. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2020;61(6):1.  https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.61.6.1
  48. Fursova AZh, Derbeneva AS, Vasilyeva MA, Tarasov MS, Chubar NV, Nikulich IF. The role of various types of retinal fluid localization as prognostic biomarkers in the choice of antiangiogenic therapy regimen in age-related macular degeneration. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2020;136(6-2):227-234. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2020136062227
  49. Sheremet NL, Ronzina IA, Mikaelyan AA, Zhorzholadze NV, Plyukhova AA, Kiselev SL. Morphofunctional parameters of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor apparatus in hereditary retinal diseases. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2020;136(4-2):183-192. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2020136042183
  50. Fayzrakhmanov RR, Pavlovskiy OA, Larina EA. A method for closing macular ruptures with partial preservation of the internal boundary membrane. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2020;136(1):73-79. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma202013601173
  51. Van Dijk HW, Verbraak FD, Stehouwer M, Kok PH, Garvin MK, Sonka M, DeVries JH, Schlingemann RO, Abràmoff MD. Association of visual function and ganglion cell layer thickness in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and no or minimal diabetic retinopathy. Vision Research. 2011;51(2): 224-228.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.024
  52. Kim K, Kim ES, Yu SY. Optical coherence tomography angiography analysis of foveal microvascular changes and inner retinal layer thinning in patients with diabetes. The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018;102(9):1226-1231. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311149
  53. Chui TYP, VanNasdale DA, Elsner AE, Burns SA. The Association between the Foveal Avascular Zone and Retinal Thickness. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2014;55(10):6870-6877. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-15446
  54. Kim K, Kim ES, Yu SY. Longitudinal Relationship between Retinal Diabetic Neurodegeneration and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018;196: 165-172.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.08.053
  55. Chhablani J, Sharma A, Goud A, Peguda HK, Rao HL, Begum VU, Barteselli G. Neurodegeneration in Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence From Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2015;56(11):6333-6338. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17334
  56. Fayzrakhmanov RR, Gilmanshin TR, Kudasheva ZA. The outer layers of the retina in the context of modern optical coherence tomography. Tochka zreniya. Vostok — Zapad. 2018;2:108-111. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25276/2410-1257-2018-2-108-111
  57. Shimura M, Yasuda K, Yasuda M, Nakazawa T. Visual outcome after intravitreal bevacizumab depends on the optical coherence tomographic patterns of patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2013;33(4):740-747.  https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e31826b6763
  58. Seo KH, Yu SY, Kim M, Kwak HW. Visual and morphologic outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema based on optical coherence tomography patterns. Retina. 2016;36(3):588-595.  https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000770
  59. Giocanti-Aurégan A, Hrarat L, Qu LM, Sarda V, Boubaya M, Levy V, Chaine G, Fajnkuchen F. Functional and Anatomical Outcomes in Patients With Serous Retinal Detachment in Diabetic Macular Edema Treated with Ranibizumab. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2017;58(2):797-800.  https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20855
  60. Deák GG, Bolz M, Ritter M, Prager S, Benesch T, Schmidt-Erfurth U; Diabetic Retinopathy Research Group Vienna. A systematic correlation between morphology and functional alterations in diabetic macular edema. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2010;51(12):6710-6714. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-5064
  61. Reznicek L, Cserhati S, Seidensticker F, Liegl R, Kampik A, Ulbig M, Neubauer AS, Kernt M. Functional and morphological changes in diabetic macular edema over the course of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2013;91(7):529-536.  https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.12153
  62. Pelosini L, Hull CC, Boyce JF, McHugh D, Stanford MR, Marshall J. Optical coherence tomography may be used to predict visual acuity in patients with macular edema. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2011; 52(5):2741-2748. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-4493
  63. Liu S, Wang D, Chen F, Zhang X. Hyperreflective foci in OCT image as a biomarker of poor prognosis in diabetic macular edema patients treating with Conbercept in China. BMC Ophthalmology. 2019;19(1):157.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-019-1168-0
  64. Chung Y-R, Lee SY, Kim YH, Byeon H-E, Kim JH, Lee K. Hyperreflective foci in diabetic macular edema with serous retinal detachment: association with dyslipidemia. Acta Diabetologica. 2020;57(7):861-866.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01495-8
  65. Okuwobi IP, Ji Z, Fan W, Yuan S, Bekalo L, Chen Q. Automated Quantification of Hyperreflective Foci in SD-OCT with Diabetic Retinopathy. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2020;24(4):1125-1136. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2019.2929842
  66. Wong BS, Sharanjeet-Kaur S, Ngah NF, Sawri RR. The Correlation between Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and Hyperreflective Dots (HRD) in Diabetic Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(9):3154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093154
  67. Scarinci F, Nesper PL, Fawzi AA. Deep Retinal Capillary Nonperfusion Is Associated with Photoreceptor Disruption in Diabetic Macular Ischemia. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016;168:129-138.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2016.05.002
  68. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs — an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5 Suppl):786‐806.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(13)38012-9

Close metadata

Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.