This review summarizes data on mean life expectancy in Russia. Increased life expectancy is due to improved quality of medical care and more responsible attitude to own health. The last one is confirmed by improved nutrition, reduced alcohol consumption and increased number of people involved in sports. To date, there are many cellular and molecular signs of aging. The main ones are genome stability, telomere shortening, epigenetic alterations, impaired proteostasis and nutrient recognition, mitochondrial dysfunction, depletion of stem cell pool and changes of intercellular interactions, extracellular matrix rigidity, as well as activation of retrotransposons and chronic inflammation. We analyze the main theories of aging and classification of aging biomarkers. The relevance of preventing premature aging and treating age-related diseases is emphasized. Moreover, these objectives are a priority considering the onset of new national project “Long and Active Life” in 2025. The main goal will be to achieve new indicators of longevity of citizens.