The paper presents an up-to-date review of scientific data. Diabetes mellitus (DM), due to its epidemic prevalence and high occurrence of associated disability, is now one of the priority medical and social problems. Incapacitating manifestations of diabetes include visual impairment. Thus, diabetic retinopathy (DR), a late nonspecific vascular complication of DM, is the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population. The basic principle of DR treatment is optimal compensation of diabetes and concomitant conditions, such as arterial hypertension, nephropathy, and hyperlipidemia. Tight glycemic control is the main method for preventing and slowing the progression of preproliferative DR to later stages. Currently, the optimal and the most promising method of insulin injection to diabetes patients is insulin pump, as it enables accurate imitation of physiological secretion of insulin, provides the possibility of tight glycemic control, considerably decreases the risk for acute and late complications of diabetes, etc.