At time being the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease and ranks first among the indications for liver transplantation. Despite the fact that more than 1/2 of patients with NAFLD are overweight or obese the amount of muscle tissue and its quality in such patients, as well as the ability to perform physical activity, are reduced. This phenomenon is called sarcopenic obesity. Considering that the prevalence of NAFLD, as well as the risk of developing sarcopenia, increases with age, a sedentary lifestyle plays a role in the occurrence of sarcopenia and NAFLD, and that the effectiveness of strategies to reduce body weight (by correcting diet and increasing physical activity) in the treatment of NAFLD and sarcopenia has been proven, it can be assumed that these states have shared pathogenesis mechanisms that determine their mutual influence. Despite the fact that at present it is impossible to establish precisely whether NAFLD is the cause of sarcopenia or its consequence (this requires further large-scale prospective studies) the study and characterization of the general mechanisms of development of sarcopenia and NAFLD will make it possible to determine new promising targets for therapy of NAFLD — diseases that still has no effective drug approaches to treatment.