The authors analyze trends in alcohol consumption and its socioeconomic consequences in the Russian Federation and its individual subjects over 2004 to 2010. Per capita alcohol use (in terms of pure alcohol/ethanol) over the period under study increased by an average of 12% (from 9.3 to 10.5 liters), largely due to the consumption of beer and low-alcohol beverages. With a higher alcohol intake, the country as a whole and its many subjects showed a reduction in alcohol-related deaths, including those from acute alcohol intoxication, and in the number of crimes committed in a state of alcohol inebriation. The reduction was associated with the stabilized socioeconomic situation in the country and the regional measures taken to decrease the scope of alcohol abuse, to prevent and treat alcoholism (legislative and normative legal counteractions of the illegal production and turnover of alcohol products, to limit their sales place and time, to prohibit their advertising, to carry out medium-term target programs to popularize a healthy lifestyle, including mass actions, therapeutic, diagnostic, and rehabilitative measures). At the same time, it is necessary to elaborate and carry out long-term comprehensive evidence-based regional programs for an actual and steady-state alcohol abuse reduction in the population, including alcohol addicts.