Backgraund. The preterm birth rate is from 6 to 15% per year and tends to increase over the past 10 years. Despite the continuous improvement of knowledge about the causes and mechanisms of development of preterm labor, there are still many questions related to the forecasting, prevention and prevention of preterm labor. Objective: to study the features of obstetric and gynecological history in women with preterm birth and highlight the most significant factors that influence early termination of pregnancy. Materialss and methods. The study was in the nature of a simple single-center retrospective continuous. An analysis was made of 297 cases of preterm delivery between 22 and 37 weeks of gestation. The control group consisted of 310 cases of urgent delivery. Results. In the group with preterm birth, statistically significantly more common were women with a history of miscarriage — 31.4% (p=0.003), with a high parity of childbirth (more than 3) — 14.8% (p=0.0024), with overweight body and obesity of varying severity — 37.3% (p=0.0012), anemia — 58.9%, anomalies of the uterus — 4.0% (p=0.04), cervical diseases with their surgical treatment — 17, 1% (p=0.003), non-specific vaginitis (18.2%, p = 0.004) and bacterial vaginosis 26.3%, p=0.002). Pregnancy was most often complicated by PDF (63.6%, p=0.001), the threat of termination (59.2%, p=0.001), amniotic fluid pathology 37%, p=0.002) and preeclampsia (22.2%, p=0.024). In 67% of patients with preterm birth, dysbiosis of the vaginal tract of varying severity was noted. Conclusions. The noted data on the history and course of pregnancy make it possible to identify a risk group for women in the development of preterm birth for timely assistance and prevention of early termination of pregnancy.