The paper analyzes literature data on organ-sparing and oncoplastic resections of the breast in cancer. Organ-sparing operations were initially performed in patients with Stage I—IIA breast cancer, but comparison of the treatment results in patients after radical mastectomy revealed no significant differences in relapse-free and overall survival rates. Hereafter, organ-sparing operations came to be performed in patients with locally advanced breast cancer after neoadjuvant drug therapy and achievement of complete or partial regression of a tumor node. Oncoplastic resections came into practice to achieve good aesthetic results in locally advanced breast cancer stages, especially in case of symmetrizing surgery for the contralateral breast. In the last 6 years, the term «extreme oncoplastic resection» has appeared, in which the indications for organ-sparing treatment have expanded; it has become possible to perform oncoplastic resections in case of multicentricity, multifocality, and a tumor node size of more than 50 mm. All organ-sparing and oncoplastic surgeries improve quality of life in patients with breast cancer and are a rehabilitation method.