According to official statistics, the number of patients with chronic disturbance of cerebral blood circulation (CDCBC) have increased up to 700 per 100000 people over the last decade. Arterial hypertension is the most reliable risk factor of CDCBC. However, though arterial hypertension it considered as the main mechanism that damaged the arterial vascular bed, its role is sometimes overestimated. The detailed study of the pathogenesis of vascular bed injuries and brain neurons will allow to predict disease course and to choose adequate treatment.