The development of many mental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism, is associated with early organic damage to the central nervous system. Moreover, even in severe cases of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, endogenous factors are the main cause of the disease, and organic lesions serve as triggers or aggravating circumstances. The drug Cogitum, a synthetic analog of N-acetylaspartate, is actively used in pediatric neuropsychiatry. This aspartic acid derivative, is critically important for brain development, hormonal regulation, and steroidogenesis. It is present in high concentrations in the brains of embryos and newborns, participating in key metabolic processes. The review analyzes current research on the use of Cognition in various mental disorders — ADHD, delayed speech development, asthenic conditions, autistic and schizophrenic spectrum disorders. According to the results of the studies presented in this article, the drug Cogitum has shown its effectiveness and safety for children. It is concluded that further studies of the therapeutic potential of Cogitum in various diseases are necessary to expand the indications for use.