The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604
+8 800 101-59-87
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Avetisov S.É.

FGBU "Nauchno-issledovatel'skiĭ institut glaznykh bolezneĭ" RAMN, Moskva

Novikov I.A.

Institute of Cardiology named after A.L. Myasnikov of National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia

Pateiuk L.S.

FGBU "NII glaznykh bolezneĭ" RAMN

Keratoconus: etiological factors and accompanying manifestations

Authors:

Avetisov S.É., Novikov I.A., Pateiuk L.S.

More about the authors

Journal: Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2014;130(4): 110‑116

Views: 1667

Downloaded: 48

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

To cite this article:

Avetisov SÉ, Novikov IA, Pateiuk LS. Keratoconus: etiological factors and accompanying manifestations. Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2014;130(4):110‑116. (In Russ.)

Подписка 2025 (Russian Annals of Ophthalmology)
 
МСФ на ЯМ
Close metadata

Keratoconus (KC) is a noninflammatory conical protrusion of the central part of the cornea of still unknown etiology and poorly explored pathogenesis. By now a great number of theories and hypotheses on both etiology and pathogenesis of KC have been suggested: genetic, metabolic, immunological, endocrinological, ecological, etc. There are plenty of reports and research results supporting either of the theories and evidencing the link of KC to other diseases. Nevertheless, the question of the underlying reason for keratoconus development remains unresolved.

Keywords:

keratoconus
corneal ectasia
etiology
pathogenesis
accompanying manifestations
concomitant diseases

Authors:

Avetisov S.É.

FGBU "Nauchno-issledovatel'skiĭ institut glaznykh bolezneĭ" RAMN, Moskva

Novikov I.A.

Institute of Cardiology named after A.L. Myasnikov of National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia

Pateiuk L.S.

FGBU "NII glaznykh bolezneĭ" RAMN

List of references:

  1. Barbara A., Rabinowitz Y.S. Textbook on Keratoconus: New Insights. Jp. Medical. Ltd. 2011.
  2. Nowak D.M., Gajecka M. The genetics of keratoconus. Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol. 2011; 18 (1): 2-6.
  3. Lu Y., Vitart V., Burdon K.P., Khor C.C. Genome-wide association analyses identify multiple loci associated with central corneal thickness and keratoconus. Nat Genet 2013; 45 (2): 155-163.
  4. Georgiou T., Funnell C.L., Cassels-Brown A., O'Conor R. Influence of ethnic origin on the incidence of keratoconus and associated atopic disease in Asians and white patients. Eye (Lond). 2004; 18 (4): 379-383.
  5. Pearson A.R., Soneji B., Sarvananthan N., Sandford-Smith J.H. Does ethnic origin influence the incidence or severity of keratoconus? Eye. 2000; 14 (4): 625-628.
  6. Zadnik K., Barr J.T., Edrington T.B., Everett D.F., Jameson M., McMahon T.T., Sterling J.L., Wagner H., Gordon M.O., the CLEK Study Group. Baseline findings in the collaborative longitudinal evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1998; 39 (13): 2537-2546.
  7. Millodot M., Shneor E., Albou S., Atlani E., Gordon-Shaag A. Prevalence and associated factors of keratoconus in Jerusalem: a cross-sectional study. Ophthalmic. Epidemiol. 2011; 18 (2): 91-97.
  8. Harrison R.J., Klouda P.T., Easty D.L., Manku M., Charles J., Stewart C.M. Association between keratoconus and atopy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1989; 73 (10): 816-822.
  9. Puchkovskaya N.A., Titarenko Z.D. Keratokonus [Keratoconus]. Kishinev: Timpul Publ.; 1990. 72 p.
  10. Rabinowitz Y.S., Garbus J., McDonnell P.J. Computer-assisted corneal topography in family members of patients with keratoconus. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1990; 108 (3): 365-371.
  11. Owens H., Gamble G. A profile of keratoconus in New Zealand. Cornea. 2003; 22 (2): 122-125.
  12. Assiri A.A., Yousuf B.I., Quantock A.J., Murphy P.J. Clinical science Incidence and severity of keratoconus in Asir province, Saudi Arabia. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2005; 89 (11): 1403-1406.
  13. Owens H., Grant A. Walters keratoconus in monozygotic twins in New Zealand. Clin. Exp. Optometry. 1995; 78 (4): 125-129.
  14. Bourne W.M., Michels V.V. Keratoconus in One Identical Twin. Cornea. 1982; 1 (1): 35-37.
  15. McMahon T.T., Shin J.A., Newlin A., Edrington T.B., Sugar J., Zadnik K. Discordance for keratoconus in two pairs of monozygotic twins. Cornea. 1999; 18 (4): 444-551.
  16. Bechara S.J., Waring G.O., Insler M.S. Keratoconus in two pairs of identical twins. Cornea. 1996; 15 (1): 90-93.
  17. Tuft S.J., Hassan H., George S., Frazer D.G., Willoughby C.E., Liskova P. Keratoconus in 18 pairs of twins. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012; 90 (6): 482-486.
  18. Gonzalez V., McDonnell P.J. Computer-assisted corneal topography in parents of patients with keratoconus. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1992; 110 (10): 1413-1414.
  19. Salabert D., Cochener B., Mage F., Colin J. Keratoconus and familial topographic corneal anomalies. J. Fr. Ophtalmol. 1994; 17 (11): 646-656.
  20. Edwards M., McGhee C.N., Dean S. The genetics of keratoconus. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2001; 29 (6): 345-351.
  21. Kirby D., Jackson A.P., Karbani G., Crow Y.J. Mental retardation, keratoconus, febrile seizures and sinoatrial block: a previously undescribed autosomal recessive disorder. Clin. Genet. 2005; 67 (5): 448-449.
  22. McMahon T.T., Anderson R., Szczotka-Flynn L.B., Libassi D., Gundel R., Roberts C., Mahmoud A.M., the CLEK Study Group. Gender differences in cone apex location in keratoconus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2004 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.optikon.com/it/articles/keratron_028/media/ARVO%202004%20-%20McMahon2.pdf. (дата обращения 07.10.2013).
  23. Fink B.A., Wagner H., Steger-May K., Rosenstiel C., Roediger T., McMahon T.T., Gordon M.O., Zadnik K. Differences in keratoconus as a function of gender. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2005; 140: (3): 459-468.
  24. Ertan A., Muftuoglu O. Keratoconus clinical findings according to different age and gender groups. Cornea. 2008; 27 (10): 1109-1113.
  25. Ljubic A.D. Keratoconus and its prevalence in Macedonia. Macedonian J. Med. Sci. 2009; 2 (1): 58-62.
  26. Fink B.A., Sinnott L.T., Wagner H., Friedman C., Zadnik K. Clinical science the influence of gender and hormone status on the severity and progression of keratoconus. Cornea. 2010: 29 (1): 65-72.
  27. Kanski D. Klinicheskaya oftal'mologiya: sistematizirovannyi podkhod [Clinical ophthalmology: a systematic approach]. Vrotslav: Logosfera Publ.; 2009. 955 p.
  28. Javadi M.A., Seadat H., Jafarinasab M.R., Rafati N., Karkhaneh Yousefi Z., Vasheghani Farahani A., Souri H., Anisian A. Association of keratoconus and mitral valve prolapse. Iran J. Ophthalmic. Res. 2007; 2 (1): 15-18.
  29. Sharif K.W., Casey T.A., Coltart J. Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in keratoconus patients. J. R. Soc. Med. 1992; 85 (8): 446-448.
  30. Lichter H., Loya N., Sagie A., Cohen N., Muzmacher L., Yassur Y., Weinberger D. Keratoconus and mitral valve prolapse. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2000; 129 (5): 667-668.
  31. Darlington J.K., Mannis M.J., Segal W.A. Anterior keratoconus associated with unilateral cornea guttata. Cornea. 2001; 20 (8): 881-884.
  32. Javadi M.A., Rafeei A.B., Kamalian N., Karimian F., Jafarinasab M.R., Yazdani S. Concomitant keratoconus and macular corneal dystrophy. Cornea. 2004; 23 (5): 508-512.
  33. Vajpayee R.B., Snibson G.R., Taylor H.R. Association of keratoconus with granular corneal dystrophy. Austral. N. Z. J. Ophthalmol. 1996; 24 (4): 369-371.
  34. Mitsui M., Sakimoto T., Sawa M., Katami M. Familial case of keratoconus with corneal granular dystrophy. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 1998; 42 (5): 385-388.
  35. Wollensak G., Green W.R., Temprano J. Keratoconus associated with corneal granular dystrophy in a patient of Italian origin. Cornea. 2002; 21 (1): 121-122.
  36. Driver P.J., Reed J.W., Davis R.M. Familial cases of keratoconus associated with posterior polymorphous dystrophy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1994; 118 (2): 256-257.
  37. Mejia L.F., Aristizabal D., Palacio J.M., Calle N.L. Posterior polymorphous dystrophy and keratoconus: more than a casual association? J. Emmetrop. 2011; 2: 115-119.
  38. Gorskova E.N., Tarasova L.N., Teplova S.N., Sevast'yanov E.N., Alekhina T.V. The state of local immunity at keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 1998; 114 (3): 26-28. (In Russ.)
  39. Ziangirova G.G., Antonova O.V., Kasparov A.A. The role of mast cells of the eye conjunctiva in intercellular interactions in keratoconus and epithelial-endothelial corneal dystrophy. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 1998; 114 (5): 48-591. (In Russ.)
  40. Gorskova E.N., Sevost'yanov E.N., Teplova S.N. Characteristic of the immunological parameters of the tear fluid in patients with various types of keratoconus course. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 2001; 117 (4): 23-25. (In Russ.)
  41. Abugova T.D. Keratoconus. Diagnostics. Classification. Contact vision correction. V sbornike trudov VIII oftal'mologicheskoi konferentsii "Refraktsiya 2011. Perspektivy" [Proc. of the 8th Ophthalmic conference "Refraction 2011. Prospects."] Samara; 2011; 56-62. (In Russ.)
  42. Tarasova L.N., Gorskova E.N., Teplova S.N., Sevost'yanov E.N. Features of immunity in patients with keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 1996; 113 (3): 13-15. (In Russ.)
  43. Gorskova E.N., Sevost'yanov E.N. Associations of antigens, HLA class I haplotypes with different types of keratoconus course. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 1997; 113 (6): 31-33. (In Russ.)
  44. Gorskova E.N., Tarasova L.N., Teplova S.N., Sevost'yanov E.N. Results of immunogenetic typing lymphocytes of patients with keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 1998; 114 (2): 50-52. (In Russ.)
  45. Nemet A.Y., Vinker S., Bahar I., Kaiserman I. The association of keratoconus with immune disorders. Cornea. 2010; 29 (11): 1261-1264.
  46. Semenova A.L., Shilkin G.A., Slepova O.S., Moroz Z.I., Koledintsev M.N., Legkikh L.S. The diagnostic capabilities of immunological and biochemical analysis of tear fluid in a complex with clinical and functional methods of research in keratoconus. Oftal'mokhirurgiya. 2008; 4: 4-8. (In Russ.)
  47. Rahi A., Davies P., Ruben M., Lobascher D., Menon J. Keratoconus and coexisting atopic disease. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1977; 61 (12): 761-764.
  48. Kareras A.G., Ruben M. Aetiology of keratoconus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1976; 60 (7): 522-525.
  49. Khan M.D., Kundi N., Saeed N., Gulab A., Nazeer A.F. Incidence of keratoconus in spring catarrh. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1988; 72 (1): 41-43.
  50. Khan S.B., Saleem M., Khalid M.K., Ahmad I., Khan M.D. Keratoconus and its association with other ocular diseases. Pak. J. Ophthalmol. 2007; 23 (4): 212-217.
  51. Wachtmeister L., Ingemansson S.O., Moller E. Atopy and HLA antigens in patients with keratoconus. Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh). 1982; 60 (1): 113-122.
  52. Bawazeer A.M., Hodge W.G., Lorimer B. Atopy and keratoconus: a multivariate analysis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2000; 84 (8): 834-836.
  53. McMonnies C.W., Boneham G.C. Keratoconus, allergy, itch, eye-rubbing and hand-dominance. Clin. Exp. Optometry. 2003; 86 (6): 376-384.
  54. McMonnies C.W. Mechanisms of rubbing-related corneal trauma in reratoconus. MScCornea. 2009; 28 (6): 607-615.
  55. Lindsay R.G., Bruce A.S., Gutteridge I.F. Keratoconus associated with continual eye rubbing due to punctal agenesis. Cornea. 2000; 19 (4): 567-569.
  56. Zadnik K., Steger-May K., Fink B.A., Joslin C.E., Nichols J.J., Rosenstiel C.E., Tyler J.A., Yu J.A., Raasch T.W., Schechtman K.B., the CLEK Study Group. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus. Between-eye asymmetry in keratoconus. Cornea. 2002; 21 (7): 671-679.
  57. Jafri B., Lichter H., Stulting R.D. Asymmetric keratoconus attributed to eye rubbing. Cornea. 2004; 23 (6): 560-564.
  58. Kenney M.C., Chwa M., Atilano S.R., Tran A., Carballo M., Saghizadeh M., Vasiliou V., Adachi W., Brown D.J. Increased levels of catalase and cathepsin V/L2 but decreased TIMP-1 in keratoconus corneas: evidence that oxidative stress plays a role in this disorder. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2005; 46 (3): 823-832.
  59. Yeniad B., Alparslan N., Akarcay K. Eye Rubbing as an apparent cause of recurrent keratoconus. Cornea. 2009; 28 (4): 477-479.
  60. Koenig S.B. Bilateral recurrent self-induced keratoconus. Eye Contact. Lens. 2008; 34 (6): 343-344.
  61. Mashor R.S., Kumar N.L., Ritenour R.J., Rootman D.S. Keratoconus caused by eye rubbing in patients with Tourette syndrome. Canad. J. Ophthalmol. 2011; 46 (1): 83-86.
  62. Donnenfeld E.D., Perry H.D., Gibralter R.P., Ingraham H.J., Udell I.J. Keratoconus associated with floppy eyelid syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98 (11): 1674-1678.
  63. Negris R. Floppy eyelid syndrome associated with keratoconus. J. Am. Optom. Assoc. 1992; 63 (5): 316-319.
  64. Culbertson W.W., Tseng S.C.G. Corneal disorders in floppy eyelid syndrome. Cornea. 1994; 13 (1): 33-42.
  65. Lee W.J., Kim J.C., Shyn K.H. Clinical evaluation of corneal diseases associated with floppy eyelid syndrome. Korean J. Ophthalmol. 1996; 10 (2): 116-121.
  66. Kim W.J., Rabinowitz Y.S., Meisler D.M., Wilson S.E. Keratocyte apoptosis associated with keratoconus. Exp. Eye Res. 1999; 69 (5): 475-481.
  67. Kasparova E.A. Modern views on the etiology and pathogenesis of keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 2002; 118 (3): 50-53. (In Russ.)
  68. Lema I., Duran J.A., Ruiz C., Diez-Feijoo E., Acera A., Merayo J. Inflammatory response to contact lenses in patients with keratoconus compared with myopic subjects. Cornea. 2008; 27 (7): 758-763.
  69. Gorskova E.N., Sevost'yanov E.N. Contact correction - the means of stabilizing the progression of keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 1998; 114 (1): 48-50. (In Russ.)
  70. Abugova T.D., Zelenskaya M.V. Contact lenses and progression of keratoconus. Glaz. 2004; 4: 10-13. (In Russ.)
  71. Zhou L., Sawaguchi S., Twining S.S., Sugar J., Feder R.S., Yue B.Y.J.T. Expression of degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors in corneas with keratoconus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1998; 39 (7): 1117-1124.
  72. Buddi R., Lin B., Atilano S.R., Zorapapel N.C., Kenney M.C., Brown D.J. Evidence of oxidative stress in human corneal diseases. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2002; 50 (3): 341-351.
  73. Lema I., Duran J.A. Inflammatory molecules in the tears of patients with keratoconus. Ophthalmology. 2005; 112 (4): 654-659.
  74. Mootha V.V., Kanoff J.M., Shankardas J., Dimitrijevich S. Marked reduction of alcohol dehydrogenase in keratoconus corneal fibroblasts. Mol. Vis. 2009; 15: 706-712.
  75. Lema I., Sobrino T., Duran J.A., Brea D., Diez-Feijoo E. Subclinical keratoconus and inflammatory molecules from tears. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2009; 93 (6): 820-824.
  76. Srivastava O.P., Chandrasekaran D., Pfister R.R. Molecular changes in selected epithelial proteins in human keratoconus corneas compared to normal corneas. Mol. Vis. 2006; 12: 1615-1625.
  77. Gorskova E.N., Sevost'yanov E.N., Teplova S.N., Korobeinikova E.N. Changes in oxidative processes in the anterior segment of the eye in patients with keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 2002; 118 (3): 30-32. (In Russ.)
  78. Sevost'yanov E.N., Gorskova E.N., Ekgardt V.F. Keratokonus (etiologiya, patogenez, medikamentoznoe lechenie): Uchebnoe posobie [Keratoconus (etiology, pathogenesis, drug treatment)]. Chelyabinsk; 2005. 31 p.
  79. Avetisov S.E., Mamikonyan V.R., Novikov I.A. The role of tear acidity and Cu-cofactor activity of the lysyl oxidase enzyme in pathogenesis of keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 2011; 127 (2): 3-8. (In Russ.)
  80. Spoerl E., Raiskup-Wolf F., Kuhlisch E., Pillunat L.E. Cigarette smoking is negatively associated with keratoconus. J. Refract. Surg. 2008; 24 (7): 737-740.
  81. Gatzioufas Z., Thanos S. Acute keratoconus induced by hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2008; 31 (3): 262-266.
  82. Howard S., Raine J., Dattani M. Corneal rupture in a child with Down syndrome and hyperthyroidism. BMJ Case Rep 2009 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://casereports.bmj.com/content/2009/bcr.08.2008.0842.abstract?sid=1a8b9525-9ba2-4070-a1bd-af0ea66ddcd7 (дата обращения: 07.10.2013).
  83. Koçak Altintas A.G., Gul U., Duman S. Bilateral keratoconus associated with Hashimoto's disease, alopecia areata and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 1999; 9 (2): 130-133.
  84. Abbara A., Rajakulasingam R., Hui E. et al. A novel prospective ocular manifestation of Graves' disease. Endocrine Abstracts. 2011; 25: 349.
  85. Kahan I.L., Varsanyi-Nagy M., Toth M., Nadrai A. The possible role of tear fluid thyroxine in keratoconus development. Exp. Eye Res. 1990; 50 (4): 339-343.
  86. Kuo I.C., Broman A., Pirouzmanesh A., Melia M. Is there an association between diabetes and keratoconus? Ophthalmology. 2006; 113 (2): 184-190.
  87. Soeters N., Tahzib N.G., Bakker L., Van der Lelij A. Two cases of keratoconus diagnosed after pregnancy. Optometry Vis. Sci. 2012; 89 (1): 112-116.
  88. Bilgihan K., Hondur A., Sul S., Ozturk S. Pregnancy-induced progression of keratoconus. Cornea. 2011; 30 (9): 991-994.
  89. Bahar I., Vinker S., Livny E., Kaiserman I. Possible association between keratoconus and renal diseases. J. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2010; 1 (3): 112.90. Gorskova E.N., Sevast'yanov E.N. Epidemiology of keratoconus in the Ural. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 1998; 114 (4): 38-41. (In Russ.)
  90. Горскова Е.Н., Севастьянов Е.Н. Эпидемиология кератоконуса на Урале. Вестник офтальмологии. 1998; 114 (4): 38-41.
  91. Eger J.J. The big picture: Treating the whole keratoconus patient. Contact Lens Spectrum 1999 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.clspectrum.com/archive_results.asp?article=11722&auth=818 (дата обращения: 07.10.2013).
  92. Meek K.M., Tuft S.J., Huang Y., Gill P.S., Hayes S., Newton R.H., Bron A.J. Changes in collagen orientation and distribution in keratoconus corneas. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2005; 46 (6): 1948-1956.
  93. Avetisov S.A., Egorova G.B., Fedorov A.A., Bobrovskikh N.V. Confocal microscopy of the cornea. Message 2 Morphological changes in keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 2008; 124 (3): 6-10. (In Russ.)
  94. Egorova G.B., Fedorov A.A., Bobrovskikh N.V., Savochkina O.A. The study of morphological changes of the cornea and the intensity of light scattering in keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 2010; 126 (4): 16-20. (In Russ.)
  95. Sevost'yanov E.N., Giniatullin R.U., Gorskova E.N., Teplova S.N. Apoptosis of keratocytes in keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 2002; 118 (4): 36-38. (In Russ.)
  96. Abelson M.B., Collin H.B., Gillette T.E., Dohlman C.H. Recurrent keratoconus after keratoplasty. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1980; 90 (5): 672-676.
  97. Bourges J.L., Savoldelli M., Dighiero P., Assouline M., Pouliquen Y., BenEzra D., Renard G., Behar-Cohen F. Recurrence of keratoconus characteristics: a clinical and histologic follow-up analysis of donor grafts. Ophthalmology. 2003; 110 (10): 1920-1925.
  98. Avetisov S.E., Bubnova I.A., Novikov I.A.. Antonov A.A., Siplivyi V.I., Kuznetsov A.V. Biometric parameters of the fibrous sheath and biomechanical parameters. Message 1. The effect of the anteroposterior axis, the thickness and curvature of the cornea. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 2011; 127 (3): 3-5. (In Russ.)
  99. Sinjab M.M. Quick Guide to the Management of Keratoconus. Springer; 2011.
  100. Avetisov S.E., Bubnova I.A., Novikov I.A., Antonov A.A., Siplivyi V.I., Kuznetsov A.V. Biometric parameters of the fibrous sheath and biomechanical parameters. Message 2. Influence of topographical features of keratoconus. Vestnik oftal'mologii. 2011; 127 (3): 5-7. (In Russ.)
  101. Kenney C.M, Brown D.J. The cascade hypothesis of keratoconus. Cont. Lens. Anterior Eye. 2003; 26 (3): 139-146.
  102. Bureau J., Fabre E.J., Hecquet C., Pouliquen Y., Lorans G. Modification of prostaglandin E2 and collagen synthesis in keratoconus fibroblasts, associated with an increase of interleukin 1 alpha receptor number. C. R. Acad. Sci. III. 1993; 316 (4): 425-430.103. Abugova T.D., Morozov S.G., Blosfel'd V.B. New aspects of keratoconus problem. Glaz. 2004; 1: 8-13. (In Russ.)
  103. Kemp E.G., Lewis C.J. Immunoglobulin patterns in keratoconus with particular reference to total and specific IgE levels. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1982; 66 (11): 717-720.
  104. Jacq P.L., Sale Y., Cochener B., Lozach P., Colin J. Keratoconus, changes in corneal topography and allergy. Study of 3 groups of patients. Fr. Ophtalmol. 1997; 20 (2): 97-102.
  105. Lambiase A., Merlo D., Mollinari C., Bonini P., Rinaldi A.M., D'Amato M., Micera A., Coassin M., Rama P., Bonini S., Garaci E. Molecular basis for keratoconus: lack of TrkA expression and its transcriptional repression by Sp3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005; 102 (46): 16795-16800.
  106. Chiplunkar S., Chamblis K., Chwa M., Rosenberg S., Kenney M.C., Brown D.J. Enhanced expression of a transmembrane phosphotyrosine phosphatase (LAR) in keratoconus cultures and corneas. Exp. Eye Res. 1999; 68 (3): 283-293.
  107. Lema I., Brea D., Rodriguez-Gonzalez R., Diez-Feijoo E., Sobrino T. Proteomic analysis of the tear film in patients with keratoconus. Mol. Vis. 2010; 16: 2055-2061.

Close metadata

Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register


We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.