Objective. To evaluate reconstructive plastic surgery using synthetic and biological materials in the rehabilitation of patients with breast cancer (BC). Subjects and methods. In 2014 to 2017, the P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute has performed 145 reconstructive operations using synthetic and biological materials in 115 patients (mean age 41.5 years) with BC. Stage 0 TisN0M0 BC was diagnosed in 11 (9.6%) patients, Stage I in 51 (44.4%), Stage IIA in 37 (32.2%), Stage IIB in 9 (7.8%), Stage IIIA in 3 (2.6%), Stage IIIB in 2 (1.7%), and Stage IIIC in 2 (1.7%). The volume of a silicone endoprosthesis ranged from 160 to 585 cm3. To strengthen the lower slope of the breast, titanium mesh implants were used in 12 patients, Parietex polyester mesh implants in 105, and a Permacol acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in 28. Results. In the ADM group, one patient developed skin flap necrosis. The development of long-standing small seromas in the central parts of a postoperative scar was noted in one patient. One case was found to develop skin reactions as obvious hyperemia during adjuvant polychemotherapy at 4 months after surgery using an endoprosthesis and ADM, which required medical treatment. In 2 (18%) cases, ADM and an implant were removed because of postoperative wound suppuration. In the ADM group, excellent, good, and poor cosmetic results were observed in 17 (70.8%), 5 (20.8%), and 2 (8.4%) cases, respectively. Conclusion. Biological and synthetic materials are an important addition to various breast reconstruction options. The value of the pinch-test is a criterion for selecting the material for strengthening the lower slope of the breast during subcutaneous or skin-sparing mastectomy for cancer with single-stage reconstruction with a silicone implant. When the pinch-test value is more than 0.5 cm, it is adequate to use as a synthetic implant and ADM. When that is less than 0.5 cm, preference should be given to ADM.