The development of preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing cognitive decline is named by WHO among the main priorities of medicine. Cardiovascular diseases and cognitive disorders, on the one hand, have similar risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, dyslipidemia, lack of physical activity, low education level, and, on the other hand, the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF), arterial hypertension (AH), cardiac insufficiency (HF), chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus contributes to the progression of cognitive impairment. In the era of patient-oriented medicine, when choosing the optimal treatment regimen for AH, AF, and HF, it is necessary to take into account the potential of certain therapy regimens in the prevention of cognitive impairment. This article is devoted to a review of existing therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of cognitive deficits in patients with a cardiological profile.