The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Popov M.M.

Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia

Pluzhnikov I.V.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr psikhicheskogo zdorov'ia" RAMN, Moskva;
FGBOU VPO "Moskovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. M.V. Lomonosova", Moskva

Kaleda V.G.

Nauchnyĭ tsentr psikhicheskogo zdorov'ia RAMN, Moskva

Procognitive effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the light of neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia

Authors:

Popov M.M., Pluzhnikov I.V., Kaleda V.G.

More about the authors

Read: 4829 times


To cite this article:

Popov MM, Pluzhnikov IV, Kaleda VG. Procognitive effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the light of neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2019;119(3):120‑126. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2019119031120

Recommended articles:
PANSS six-factor model. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(2):28-34
Clinical and immu­nological rela­tionships in patients with early schi­zophrenia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(2):35-42
Clinical and psychopathological features of treatment-resistant schi­zophrenia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(2):43-50
Effe­cts of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of inso­mnia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(5-2):64-69

References:

  1. Wagner T, Eden U, Fregni F, Valero-Cabre A, Ramos-Estebanez C, Pronio-Stelluto V, Grodzinsky A, Zahn M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and brain atrophy: a computer-based human brain model study. Exp Brain Res. 2008;186(4):539-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-1258-8
  2. Valero-Cabré A, Pascual-Leone A, Rushmore R. Cumulative sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) build up facilitation to subsequent TMS-mediated behavioural disruptions. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2008;27(3):765-774. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06045.x
  3. Chervyakov AV, Poydasheva AG, Korzhova YuE, Suponeva NA, Chernikova LA, Piradov MA. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology and psychiatry. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2015;115(12):7-18. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20151151127-18
  4. Tayupova GN, Saitgareeva AR, Bajtimerov AR, Levin OS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2016;116(6-2):82. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20161166282-87
  5. Kashezhev AG, Sinkin MV, Skripkina NA. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of affective disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2017;117(6):66. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20171176266-69
  6. Lefaucheur J, André-Obadia N, Antal A, Ayache S, Baeken C, Benninger D, Cantello R, Cincotta M, de Carvalho M, De Ridder D, Devanne H, Di Lazzaro V, Filipović S, Hummel F, Jääskeläinen S, Kimiskidis V, Koch G, Langguth B, Nyffeler T, Oliviero A, Padberg F, Poulet E, Rossi S, Rossini P, Rothwell J, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Siebner H, Slotema C, Stagg C, Valls-Sole J, Ziemann U, Paulus W, Garcia-Larrea L. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clinical Neurophysiology. 2014;125(11):2150-2206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021
  7. Machado S, Arias-Carrión O, Paes F, Vieira RT, Caixeta L, Novaes F, Marinho T, Almada LF, Silva AC, Egidio A. Nardi Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Clinical Applications in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. An Overview Eurasian J Med. 2013;45(3):191-206. https://doi.org/10.5152/eajm.2013.39
  8. Wagner T, Valero-Cabre A, Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive Human Brain Stimulation. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2007;9(1):527-565. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.061206.133100
  9. Cho S, Strafella A. rTMS of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Dopamine Release in the Ipsilateral Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Orbitofrontal Cortex. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(8):e6725. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006725
  10. Noda Y, Silverstein WK, Barr MS, Vila-Rodriguez F, Downar J, Rajji TK, Blumberger DM. Neurobiological mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2015;45(16):3411-3432. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001609
  11. Opitz A, Fox M, Craddock R, Colcombe S, Milham M. An integrated framework for targeting functional networks via transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage. 2016;127:86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.040
  12. Dorofeikova MV, Petrova NN. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and its treatment. Sovremennaya Terapiya Psikhicheskikh Rasstroistv. 2015;1:2-9. (In Russ.)
  13. Thorsen A, Johansson K, Løberg E. Neurobiology of Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:103. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00103
  14. Goff D, Hill M, Barch D. The treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2011;99(2):245-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2010.11.009
  15. Verbenko VA. Neurometabolic correction the neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia. Tavricheskii Zhurnal Psikhiatrii. 2016;20(4):5-9. (In Russ.)
  16. Polozova TM, Shapovalov DL. Changes in severity of neurocognitive deficit and negative symptoms in outpatients with paranoid schizophrenia on long-term maintenance therapy with sulpiride. Sotsial’naya i Klinicheskaya Psikhiatriya. 2016;26(2):72-79. (In Russ.)
  17. Reilly J, Sweeney J. Generalized and Specific Neurocognitive Deficits in Psychotic Disorders: Utility for Evaluating Pharmacological Treatment Effects and as Intermediate Phenotypes for Gene Discovery. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(3):516-522. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu013
  18. Petrova NN, Dorofeikova MV, Voinkova EE. Cognitive disorders in patients with schizophrenia at different stages of the disease. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2016;116(4):10. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20161164110-15
  19. Hori H, Yoshimura R, Katsuki A, Hayashi K, Ikenouchi-Sugita A, Umene-Nakano W, Nakamura J. Several prescription patterns of antipsychotic drugs influence cognitive functions in Japanese chronic schizophrenia patients. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2011;16(2):138-142. https://doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2011.631018
  20. Erzin AI. Cognitive, motivational and value-meaningful factors of proactivity in the first episode of schizophrenia. Meditsinskaya Psikhologiya v Rossii. 2017;9(3):6. (In Russ.)
  21. Sum M, Tay K, Sengupta S, Sim K. Neurocognitive functioning and quality of life in patients with and without deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2018;263:54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.025
  22. Mueller D, Khalesi Z, Benzing V, Castiglione C, Roder V. Does Integrated Neurocognitive Therapy (INT) reduce severe negative symptoms in schizophrenia outpatients? Schizophr Res. 2017;188:92-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.037
  23. Levkovitz Y, Harel E, Roth Y, Braw Y, Most D, Katz L, Sheer A, Gersner R, Zangen A. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the prefrontal cortex: Evaluation of antidepressant and cognitive effects in depressive patients. Brain Stimul. 2009;2(4):188-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2009.08.002
  24. Weigand A, Grimm S, Astalosch A, Lisanby SH, Luber B. Lateralized effects of prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on emotional working memory. Exp Brain Res. 2013;227(1):43-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3483-7
  25. Rogasch N, Daskalakis Z, Fitzgerald P. Cortical inhibition of distinct mechanisms in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is related to working memory performance: A TMS-EEG study. Cortex. 2015;64:68-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.003
  26. Maslenikov N, Mosolov S, Smirnov N, Tsukarzi E. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) effects on depression, negative symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(2):333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.078
  27. Harel E, Rabany L, Deutsch L, Bloch Y, Zangen A, Levkovitz Y. H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment resistant major depressive disorder: An 18-week continuation safety and feasibility study. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2012;15(4):298-306. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2011.639802
  28. Radhu N, de Jesus D, Ravindran L, Zanjani A, Fitzgerald P, Daskalakis Z. A meta-analysis of cortical inhibition and excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2013;124(7):1309-1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.014
  29. Bais L, Vercammen A, Stewart R, Visser B, Aleman A, Knegtering H. Short and Long Term Effects of Left and Bilateral Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Schizophrenia Patients with Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):e108828. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108828
  30. Cordes J, Thünker J, Agelink M, Mittrach M, Arends M, Mobascher A, Wobrock T, Schneider-Axmann T, Brinkmeyer J, Regenbrecht G, Wölwer W, Winterer G, Gaebel W. Effects of 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on clinical global impression in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2010;177(1-2):32-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.014
  31. Guse B, Wobrock T, Cordes J, Wölwer W, Winterer G, Gaebel W, Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Eichhammer P, Frank E, Hajak G, Ohmann C, Verde PE, Rietschel M, Ahmed R, Honer WG, Malchow B, Schneider-Axmann T, Falkai P, Hasan A. Left Prefrontal High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Schizophrenia with Predominant Negative Symptoms: A Sham-Controlled, Randomized Multicenter Trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(11):979-988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.009
  32. Wölwer W, Lowe A, Brinkmeyer J, Streit M, Habakuck M, Agelink MW, Mobascher A, Gaebel W, Cordes J. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Improves Facial Affect Recognition in Schizophrenia. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(4):559-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.011
  33. Goghari V, Sponheim S, MacDonald A. The functional neuroanatomy of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia: A qualitative and quantitative review of a persistent question. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2010;34(3):468-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.09.004
  34. Kani A, Shinn A, Lewandowski K, Öngür D. Converging effects of diverse treatment modalities on frontal cortex in schizophrenia: A review of longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2017;84:256-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.012
  35. Osoegawa C, Gomes J, Grigolon R, Brietzke E, Gadelha A, Lacerda ALT, Dias ÁM, Cordeiro Q, Laranjeira R, Danilo de Jesus, Daskalakis ZJ, Brunelin J, Cordes J, Trevizol AP. Non-invasive brain stimulation for negative symptoms in schizophrenia: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2018;197:34-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.01.010
  36. Freitas C, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A. Meta-analysis of the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2009;108(1-3):11-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.11.027
  37. Jonathan CC, Carolyn Bernacki G, Helmer A, Pinninti N, O’Reardon JP. Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature to Date. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2015;12(7-8):12-19.
  38. Braver T, Barch D. A theory of cognitive control, aging cognition, and neuromodulation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2002;26(7):809-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00067-2
  39. Callicott J, Egan M, Mattay V, Bertolino A, Bone AD, Verchinksi B, Weinberger DR. Abnormal fMRI Response of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognitively Intact Siblings of Patients With Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160(4):709-719. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.709
  40. Eryilmaz H, Tanner A, Ho N, Nitenson AZ, Silverstein NJ, Petruzzi LJ, Goff DC, Manoach DS, Roffman JL. Disrupted Working Memory Circuitry in Schizophrenia: Disentangling fMRI Markers of Core Pathology vs Other Aspects of Impaired Performance. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(9):2411-2420. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.55
  41. Woodcock E, Wadehra S, Diwadkar V. Network Profiles of the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate and Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia During Hippocampal-Based Associative Memory. Front Syst Neurosci. 2016;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2016.00032
  42. Sakurai T, Gamo N, Hikida T, Kim S, Mura T, Tomoda T, Sawa A. Converging models of schizophrenia — Network alterations of prefrontal cortex underlying cognitive impairments. Prog Neurobiol. 2015;134:178-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.010
  43. Cannon T, Glahn D, Kim J, Van Erp, TGM, Karlsgodt K, Cohen MS, Nuechterlein KH, Bava S, Shirinyan D. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activity During Maintenance and Manipulation of Information in Working Memory in Patients With Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10): 1071. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1071
  44. Brent B, Thermenos H, Keshavan M, Seidman L. Gray Matter Alterations in Schizophrenia High-Risk Youth and Early-Onset Schizophrenia. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2013;22(4):689-714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2013.06.003
  45. Haijma S, Van Haren N, Cahn W, Koolschijn P, Hulshoff Pol H, Kahn R. Brain Volumes in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis in Over 18 000 Subjects. Schizophr Bull. 2012;39(5):1129-1138. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs118
  46. Ellison-Wright I, Bullmore E. Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2009;108(1-3):3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.11.021
  47. Shenton M, Dickey C, Frumin M, McCarley R. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2001;49(1-2):1-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00163-3
  48. Jessen F, Scheef L, Germeshausen L, Tawo Y, Kockler M, Kuhn KU, Wolfgang M, Hans HS, Heun R. Reduced Hippocampal Activation During Encoding and Recognition of Words in Schizophrenia Patients. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160(7):1305-1312. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1305
  49. Griffa A, Baumann P, Thiran J, Hagmann P. Structural connectomics in brain diseases. Neuroimage. 2013;80:515-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.056
  50. Grützner C, Wibral M, Sun L, Rivolta D, Singer W, Maurer K, Uhlhaas P. Deficits in high- (>60 Hz) gamma-band oscillations during visual processing in schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00088
  51. Guse B, Falkai P, Gruber O, Whalley H, Gibson L, Hasan A, Wobrock, T. The effect of long-term high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on working memory in schizophrenia and healthy controls — A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind fMRI study. Behav Brain Res. 2013;237:300-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.034
  52. Hasan A, Strube W, Palm U, Wobrock T. Repetitive Noninvasive Brain Stimulation to Modulate Cognitive Functions in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Primary and Secondary Outcomes. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(suppl 1):95-109. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv158
  53. Mogg A, Purvis R, Eranti S, Contell F, Taylor JP, Nicholson T, Brown RG, McLoughlin DM. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A randomized controlled pilot study. Schizophr Res. 2007;93(1-3):221-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.016
  54. Mittrach M, Thünker J, Winterer G, Agelink MW, Regenbrecht G, Arends M, Mobascher A, Kim SJ, Wolwer W, Brinkmeyer J, Gaebel W, Cordes J. The Tolerability of rTMS Treatment in Schizophrenia with Respect to Cognitive Function. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2010;43(03):110-117. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1242824
  55. Wobrock T, Guse B, Cordes J, Wölwer W, Winterer G, Gaebel W, Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Eichhammer P, Frank E, Hajak G, Ohmann C, Verde PE, Rietschel M, Ahmed R, Honer WG, Malchow B, Schneider-Axmann T, Falkai P, Hasan A. Left Prefrontal High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Schizophrenia with Predominant Negative Symptoms: A Sham-Controlled, Randomized Multicenter Trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(11):979-988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.009
  56. Wölwer W, Lowe A, Brinkmeyer J, Streit M, Habakuck M, Agelink MW, Mobascher A, Gaebel W, Cordes J. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Improves Facial Affect Recognition in Schizophrenia. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(4):559-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.011
  57. Barr M, Farzan F, Rajji T, Voineskos AN, Blumberger, Arenovich T, Fitzgerald P, Daskalakis ZJ. Can Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia? Pilot Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(6):510-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.020
  58. Dlabac-de Lange J, Bais L, van Es F, Visser B, Reinink E, Bakker B, van den Heuvel E, Aleman A, Knegtering H. Efficacy of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: results of a multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2014;45(06):1263-1275. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714002360
  59. Fitzgerald P, Herring S, Hoy K, Mcqueen S, Segrave R, Kulkarni J, Daskalakis ZJ. A study of the effectiveness of bilateral transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Brain Stimul. 2008;1(1):27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2007.08.001
  60. Sahakian B, Owen A. Computerized assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992;85(7):399-402.
  61. Kirchner W. Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1958;55(4):352. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043688
  62. Golden CJ, Espe-Pfeifer P, Wachsler-Felder J. Neuropsychological interpretation of objective psychological tests. NY: Springer Science & Business Media; 2000.
  63. Stroop J. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1935;18(6):643-662. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054651
  64. Conners CK, Staff MHS, Connelly V, Campbell S, MacLean M, Barnes J. Conners’ continuous performance Test II (CPT II v. 5). Multi-Health Syst Inc. 2000;29:175.
  65. Zimmermann P, Fimm B. A test battery for attentional performance. Applied neuropsychology of attention. Theory, Diagnosis and Rehabilitation. 2002;110-151.
  66. Miyake A, Shah P. Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. NY: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
  67. Kim A, Oines L, Miyake A. Individual differences in verbal working memory underlie a tradeoff between semantic and structural processing difficulty during language comprehension: An ERP investigation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2018;44(3):406-420. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000457
  68. Cirillo M, Seidman L. Verbal declarative memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: from clinical assessment to genetics and brain mechanisms. Neuropsychology Review. 2003;13(2):43-77. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023870821631
  69. Forbes N, Carrick L, McIntosh A, Lawrie S. Working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2008;39(06):889. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708004558
  70. Barr M, Farzan F, Arenovich T, Chen R, Fitzgerald P, Daskalakis Z. The Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Gamma Oscillatory Activity in Schizophrenia. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(7):e22627. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022627
  71. Levkovitz Y, Rabany L, Harel E, Zangen A. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation add-on for treatment of negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia: a feasibility study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;14(7):991-996. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145711000642
  72. Nuechterlein K, Green M, Calkins M, Greenwood T, Gur R, Gur RC, Lazzeroni L, Light G, Radant A, Seidman L, Siever L, Silverman J, Sprock J, Stone W, Sugar C, Swerdlow N, Tsuang D, Tsuang M, Turetsky B, Braff D. Attention/vigilance in schizophrenia: Performance results from a large multi-site study of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS). Schizophr Res. 2015;163(1-3):38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.017
  73. Niendam T, Laird A, Ray K, Dean Y, Glahn D, Carter C. Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2012;12(2):241-268. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-011-0083-5
  74. Maslenikov NV, Tsukarzi EE, Mosolov SN. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of depression and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psihicheskoe Zdorovie. 2013;11(1):39-44. (In Russ.)
  75. Dickinson D, Ramsey M, Gold J. Overlooking the Obvious. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(5):532. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.532
  76. Liemburg E, Dlabac-De Lange J, Bais L, Knegtering H, Aleman A. Effects of bilateral prefrontal rTMS on brain activation during social-emotional evaluation in schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized, exploratory study. Schizophr Res. 2018;202:210-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.051
  77. Kim S, Shim J, Kong B, Kang J, Moon J, Jeon D, Jung S, Seo B, Jung D. The Relationship between Language Ability and Cognitive Function in Patients with Schizophrenia. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience. 2015;13(3):288-295. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.288
  78. Bowie C, Harvey P. Cognition in Schizophrenia: Impairments, Determinants, and Functional Importance. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2005;28(3):613-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2005.05.004
  79. Smirnova D, Clark M, Jablensky A, Badcock J. Action (verb) fluency deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: linking language, cognition and interpersonal functioning. Psychiatry Res. 2017;257:203-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.044
  80. George M, Aston-Jones G. Noninvasive techniques for probing neurocircuitry and treating illness: vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;35(1):301-316. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.87
  81. Strafella A. Striatal dopamine release induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain. 2003;126(12):2609-2615. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg268
  82. Lett T, Voineskos A, Kennedy J, Levine B, Daskalakis Z. Treating Working Memory Deficits in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Neurobiology. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75(5):361-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.026

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.