The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-4329
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2026
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Kurenkov A.L.

Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ RAMN

Klochkova O.A.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ" RAMN

Zmanovskaia V.A.

Tsentr vosstanovitel'noĭ meditsiny i reabilitatsii dlia deteĭ s psikhonevrologicheskoĭ patologieĭ "Nadezhda", Tiumen'

Fal'kovskiĭ I.V.

Kenis V.M.

The Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Vladykina L.N.

Altai regional mental hospital for children, Regional state budget health facility, Barnaul, Russia

Krasavina D.A.

Nosko A.S.

Kafedra nevrologii detskogo vozrasta Rossiĭskoĭ meditsinskoĭ akademii poslediplomnogo obrazovaniia, Moskva

Rychkova L.V.

Federal State Public Scientific Institution «Scientific Сentre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems», Irkutsk, Russia

Karimova Kh.M.

Research Centre of Children’s Health, Moscow

Bursagova B.I.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ" RAMN

Namazova-baranova L.S.

Scientific Centre of Children Health, Moscow, Russia

Mamed'iarov A.M.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ" RAMN

Kuzenkova L.M.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ" RAMN

Dontzov O.G.

«Neyroklinika» LLC, Khabarovsk, Russia

Ryzhenkov M.A.

«Neyroklinika» LLC, Khabarovsk, Russia

Butorina M.N.

Tsentr vosstanovitel'noĭ meditsiny i reabilitatsii dlia deteĭ s psikhonevrologicheskoĭ patologieĭ "Nadezhda", Tiumen'

Pavlova O.L.

Tsentr vosstanovitel'noĭ meditsiny i reabilitatsii dlia deteĭ s psikhonevrologicheskoĭ patologieĭ "Nadezhda", Tiumen'

Harlamova N.N.

Center for Restorative Treatment and Rehabilitation «Nadezhda», Tymen, Russia

Dankov D.M.

Center for Restorative Treatment and Rehabilitation «Nadezhda», Tymen, Russia

Levitina E.V.

GBOU VPO "Tiumenskaia gosudarstvennaia meditsinskaia akademiia", Tiumen'

Popkov D.A.

Rossiĭskiĭ nauchnyĭ tsentr "Vosstanovitel'naia travmatologiia i ortopediia" im. akad. G.A. Ilizarova, Kurgan

Ryabykh S.O.

Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 640014, Kurgan, Russia

Medvedeva S.N.

The Federal State-Financed Institution «Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics of the RF Ministry of Health», Kurgan, Russia

Gubina E.B.

Kurgan Regional Children Hospital Named after Red Cross, Kurgan

Agranovich O.V.

Kraevaia detskaia klinicheskaia bol'nitsa, Stavropol'

Kiseleva T.I.

Vasileva O.N.

State budget institution of higher professional education Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Department of surgical diseases of childhood, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Zykov V.P.

Rossiĭskaia meditsinskaia akademiia poslediplomnogo obrazovaniia, Moskva

Mikhnovich V.I.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia sem'i i reproduktsii cheloveka" Sibirskogo otdeleniia Rossiĭskoĭ akademii meditsinskikh nauk, Irkutsk

Belogorova T.A.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia sem'i i reproduktsii cheloveka" Sibirskogo otdeleniia Rossiĭskoĭ akademii meditsinskikh nauk, Irkutsk

The First Russian Consensus on the Multilevel Abobotulinumtoxin A Injections in Spastic Forms of Cerebral Palsy

Authors:

Kurenkov A.L., Klochkova O.A., Zmanovskaia V.A., Fal'kovskiĭ I.V., Kenis V.M., Vladykina L.N., Krasavina D.A., Nosko A.S., Rychkova L.V., Karimova Kh.M., Bursagova B.I., Namazova-baranova L.S., Mamed'iarov A.M., Kuzenkova L.M., Dontzov O.G., Ryzhenkov M.A., Butorina M.N., Pavlova O.L., Harlamova N.N., Dankov D.M., Levitina E.V., Popkov D.A., Ryabykh S.O., Medvedeva S.N., Gubina E.B., Agranovich O.V., Kiseleva T.I., Vasileva O.N., Zykov V.P., Mikhnovich V.I., Belogorova T.A.

More about the authors

Journal: S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2016;116(11): 121‑130

DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2016116111121-130

Read: 1800 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

THE FIRST RUSSIAN CONSENSUS ON THE MULTILEVEL ABOBOTULINUMTOXIN A INJECTIONS IN SPASTIC FORMS OF CEREBRAL PALSY
THE FIRST RUSSIAN CONSENSUS ON THE MULTILEVEL ABOBOTULINUMTOXIN A INJECTIONS IN SPASTIC FORMS OF CEREBRAL PALSY

To cite this article:

Kurenkov AL, Klochkova OA, Zmanovskaia VA, et al. . The First Russian Consensus on the Multilevel Abobotulinumtoxin A Injections in Spastic Forms of Cerebral Palsy. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2016;116(11):121‑130. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2016116111121-130

Подписка 2026 Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова (S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry)
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Abstract:

Spasticity treatment is one of the key aspects of the contemporary cerebral palsy (CP) rehabilitation that influences on the effectiveness of other methods. The paper presents the first Russian document that unites the recommendations for the BTA treatment of CP and could be used as the guideline for the multilevel injections. The Russian consensus on the multilevel botulinum toxin A (BTA) treatment of spastic CP is based on the international data and the results of national studies. The authors describe typical CP spasticity patterns in the upper and lower extremities, give recommended intervals for the BTA (Abobotulinum toxin A) dosages for the whole injection procedure and for the separate muscles. The method of dosage calculation for functional segments is also described. Attention is paid to the frequency, optimal intervals between the repeated injections and the whole duration of BTA treatment. The authors discuss effectiveness and safety of BTA, factors that potentially influence the results of the injections, including ultrasound and electromyography control, and indications for the continuation and termination of treatment.

Keywords:

cerebral palsy
spasticity
botulinum toxin A
abobotulinum toxin A
multilevel injections
children
national guidelines

Authors:

Kurenkov A.L.

Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ RAMN

Klochkova O.A.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ" RAMN

Zmanovskaia V.A.

Tsentr vosstanovitel'noĭ meditsiny i reabilitatsii dlia deteĭ s psikhonevrologicheskoĭ patologieĭ "Nadezhda", Tiumen'

Fal'kovskiĭ I.V.

Kenis V.M.

The Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Vladykina L.N.

Altai regional mental hospital for children, Regional state budget health facility, Barnaul, Russia

Krasavina D.A.

Nosko A.S.

Kafedra nevrologii detskogo vozrasta Rossiĭskoĭ meditsinskoĭ akademii poslediplomnogo obrazovaniia, Moskva

Rychkova L.V.

Federal State Public Scientific Institution «Scientific Сentre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems», Irkutsk, Russia

Karimova Kh.M.

Research Centre of Children’s Health, Moscow

Bursagova B.I.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ" RAMN

Namazova-baranova L.S.

Scientific Centre of Children Health, Moscow, Russia

Mamed'iarov A.M.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ" RAMN

Kuzenkova L.M.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia deteĭ" RAMN

Dontzov O.G.

«Neyroklinika» LLC, Khabarovsk, Russia

Ryzhenkov M.A.

«Neyroklinika» LLC, Khabarovsk, Russia

Butorina M.N.

Tsentr vosstanovitel'noĭ meditsiny i reabilitatsii dlia deteĭ s psikhonevrologicheskoĭ patologieĭ "Nadezhda", Tiumen'

Pavlova O.L.

Tsentr vosstanovitel'noĭ meditsiny i reabilitatsii dlia deteĭ s psikhonevrologicheskoĭ patologieĭ "Nadezhda", Tiumen'

Harlamova N.N.

Center for Restorative Treatment and Rehabilitation «Nadezhda», Tymen, Russia

Dankov D.M.

Center for Restorative Treatment and Rehabilitation «Nadezhda», Tymen, Russia

Levitina E.V.

GBOU VPO "Tiumenskaia gosudarstvennaia meditsinskaia akademiia", Tiumen'

Popkov D.A.

Rossiĭskiĭ nauchnyĭ tsentr "Vosstanovitel'naia travmatologiia i ortopediia" im. akad. G.A. Ilizarova, Kurgan

Ryabykh S.O.

Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 640014, Kurgan, Russia

Medvedeva S.N.

The Federal State-Financed Institution «Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics of the RF Ministry of Health», Kurgan, Russia

Gubina E.B.

Kurgan Regional Children Hospital Named after Red Cross, Kurgan

Agranovich O.V.

Kraevaia detskaia klinicheskaia bol'nitsa, Stavropol'

Kiseleva T.I.

Vasileva O.N.

State budget institution of higher professional education Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Department of surgical diseases of childhood, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Zykov V.P.

Rossiĭskaia meditsinskaia akademiia poslediplomnogo obrazovaniia, Moskva

Mikhnovich V.I.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia sem'i i reproduktsii cheloveka" Sibirskogo otdeleniia Rossiĭskoĭ akademii meditsinskikh nauk, Irkutsk

Belogorova T.A.

FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr zdorov'ia sem'i i reproduktsii cheloveka" Sibirskogo otdeleniia Rossiĭskoĭ akademii meditsinskikh nauk, Irkutsk

Close metadata

References:

  1. Delgado M, Hirtz D, Aisen M et al. Practice Parameter: Pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2010;74(4):336-343. doi: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181cbcd2f
  2. Novak I, Mcintyre S, Morgan C et al. A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(10):885-910. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12246
  3. Leonard J, Graham HK. Treatment of motor disorders in cerebral palsy with botulinum neurotoxin. In book: Botulinum toxin: Therapeutic clinical practice and science (Ed. by J. Jankovic). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
  4. Dutikova EM, Kenis VM, Kurenkov AL. The use of Dysport (botulinum toxin type A) for the correction of dynamic equinus in children with cerebral palsy. Razreshenie na primenenie novoj medicinskoj tehnologii FS №2010/173 ot 17 maja 2010 g. M. 2010. (In Russ.).
  5. Kenis VM. Efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of dynamic equinus and equinovarus foot deformities in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2012;112(7):29-33. (In Russ.).
  6. Kurenkov AL, Klochkova OA, Karimova KhM, Bursagova BI, Namazova-Baranova LS, Kuzenkova LM, Mamedyarov AM, Artemenko AR, Petrova SA. Selection of a dose of the botulinum toxin A in spastic forms of cerebral palsy. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2015;5(2):35-41. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro20151155235-41
  7. Love SC, Novak I, Kentish M, Desloovere K, Heinen F, Molenaers G, O'Flaherty S, Graham HK. Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and after-care for lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: international consensus statement. European Journal of Neurology. 2010;17(suppl 2):9-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03126.x
  8. Kurenkov AL, Klochkova OA. Botulinum toxin therapy of cerebral palsy. The book: the ABC of botulinum toxin therapy. Under red. Timerbaevoj S.L. M.: Prakticheskaja medicina; 2014. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro20151155235-41
  9. Molenaers G, Desloovere K, Fabry G, De Cock P. The effects of quantitative gait assessment and botulinum toxin a on musculoskeletal surgery in children with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(1):161-170. doi: 10.2106/jbjs.c.01497
  10. Molenaers G, Van Campenhout A, Fagard K, De Cat J. Desloovere K. The use of botulinum toxin A in children with cerebral palsy, with a focus on the lower limb. J Child Orthop. 2010;4(3):183-195. doi: 10.1007/s11832-010-0246-x
  11. Fehlings D, Novak I, Berweck S, Hoare B, Stott NS, Russo RN. Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and follow-up for paediatric upper limb hypertonicity: international consensus statement. European Journal of Neurology. 2010;17(suppl 2):38-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03127.x
  12. Spasticity In Children And Young People With Non-Progressive Brain Disorders. London: Published by the RCOG Press at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2012;293
  13. Klochkova OA, Kurenkov AL, Karimova KhM, Bursagova BI, Namazova-Baranova LS, Mamedyarov AM, Kuzenkova LM, Tardova IM, Fal’kovskiy IV, Dontzov OG, Ryzhenkov MA, Zmanovskaya VA, Butorina MN, Pavlova OL, Harlamova NN, Dankov DM, Levitina EV, Popkov DA, Ryabykh SO, Medvedeva SN, Gubina EB, Vladykina LN, Kenis VM, Kiseleva TI, Krasavina DA, Vasil’eva ON, Nosko AS, Zykov VP, Michnovich VI, Belogorova ТА, Rychkova LV. Multilevel Botulinum Toxin A (abobotulinum Toxin A) Injections in Spastic Forms of Cerebral Palsy: Retrospective Analysis of 8 Russian Centers Experience Pediatricheskaja farmakologija. 2016;13(3):259-269. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15690/pf.v13i3.1576
  14. Semenova KA. Rehabilitation treatment of children with perinatal lesions of the nervous system and cerebral palsy. M.: Zakon i porjadok. 2007. (In Russ.).
  15. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2008;39(4):214-223. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x
  16. Figueiredo E, Ferreira G, Maia Moreira R, Kirkwood R, Fetters L. Efficacy of Ankle-Foot Orthoses on Gait of Children with Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review of Literature. Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2008;20(3):207-223. doi: 10.1097/pep.0b013e318181fb34
  17. Popkov DA, Zmanovskaya VA, Gubina EB, Leonchuk SS, Butorina MN, Pavlova OL. The results of single-event multilevel orthopedic surgeries and the early rehabilitation used in complex with botulinum toxin treatment in patients with spastic forms of cerebral palsym. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2015;115(4):41-48. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro20151154141-48
  18. Rutz E, Hofmann E, Brunner R. Preoperative botulinum toxin test injections before muscle lengthening in cerebral palsy. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 2010;15(5):647-653. doi:10.1007/s00776-010-1509-6
  19. van Schie PE, Schothorst M, Dallmeijer AJ, Vermeulen RJ, van Ouwerkerk WJ, Strijers RL, Becher JG. Short-and long-term effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy on gross motor function in ambulatory children with spastic diplegia. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;7:557-562. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x
  20. Strobl W, Theologis T, Brunner R et al. Best Clinical Practice in Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Children with Cerebral Palsy. Toxins. 2015;7(5):1629-1648. doi: 10.3390/toxins7051629
  21. Zmanovskaya VA, Levitina EV, Popkov DA, Butorina MN, Pavlova OL. Botulinum toxin type A (dysport) in the complex rehabilitation of children with spastic forms of cerebral palsy. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2014;114(7):33-36. (In Russ.).
  22. Kenis VM. Orthopaedic treatment of foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy: Dis. ... dok. med. nauk. SPb. 2014. (In Russ.).
  23. Pascual-Pascual SPascual-Castroviejo I. Safety of botulinum toxin type A in children younger than 2 years. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2009;13(6):511-515. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.10.006
  24. Druschel C, Althuizes H, Funk J, Placzek R. Off Label Use of Botulinum Toxin in Children under Two Years of Age: A Systematic Review. Toxins. 2013;5(1):60-72. doi: 10.3390/toxins5010060
  25. Tilton A. 189. Evidence-based review of safety and efficacy of botulinum neurotoxin in cerebral palsy. Toxicon. 2015;93:59. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.11.192
  26. Naidu K, Smith k, Sheedy M, Adair b, Yu X, Graham H. Systemic adverse events following botulinum toxin A therapy in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2010;52(2):139-144. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03583.x
  27. Delgado M, Tilton A, Russman B et al. AbobotulinumtoxinA for Equinus Foot Deformity in Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2016;137(2):20152830-20152830. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2830
  28. Baranov AA, Namazova-Baranova LS, Kurenkov AL, Klochkova OA, Karimova HM, Mamedjarov AM, Zherdev KV, Kuzenkova LM, Bursagova BI. A comprehensive assessment of motor functions in patients with cerebral palsy. Educational-methodical manual. Federal'noe gosudarstvennoe bjudzhetnoe nauchnoe uchrezhdenie «Nauchnyj centr zdorov'ja detej». M.: Pediatr; 2014. (In Russ.).
  29. Cans C. Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: a collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2007;42(12):816-824. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00695.x
  30. Kalinina LV, Dutikova EM. Cerebral palsy. In the book: the Use of Botox (botulinum toxin type A) in clinical practice: a guide for physicians. Under red. Orlovoj O.P., Jahno H.H. M.: Katalog; 2001. (In Russ.).
  31. Klochkova OA, Kurenkov AL, Namazova-Baranova LS, Mamedjarov AM. Spasticity patterns of hand muscles and botulinum toxin therapy application in patients with cerebral palsy with upper limb involvement. 2013;10(5):31-39. (In Russ.).
  32. Koman LA, Li Z, Smith BP. Orthopaedic intervention in the management of cerebral palsy: botulinum toxins. In book: Improving hand function in children with cerebral palsy: theory, evidence and intervention. Eds. Eliasson A.-C., Burtner P. London: Mac Keith Press; 2008.
  33. Thomason P, Rodda J, Willoughby K, Graham K. Orthopaedic assessment. In book: Cerebral palsy: science and clinical practice. Eds. Dan B., Mayston M., Paneth N., Rosenbloom L. London: Mac Keith Press; 2014.
  34. Kurenkov AL, Nosko AS, Klochkova OA, Namazova-Baranova LS, Kuzenkova LM, Mamedjarov AM, Zykov VP, Bursagova BI, Artemenko AR. Methods of assessment of motor development in a child with spastic forms of cerebral palsy in the choice of the target muscles for injection of the drug botulinum toxin type A. Methodical manual for physicians. M.: RKI Sovero press; 2014. (In Russ.).
  35. Bakheit A. Botulinum toxin in the management of childhood muscle spasticity: comparison of clinical practice of 17 treatment centres. Eur J Neurol. 2003;10(4):415-419. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00619.x
  36. Pascual Pascual SI. Paralisis cerebral infantil: aspestos clinicos, clasificaciones y tratamientos. Madrid: EDICIONES MAYO, S.A.; 2012.
  37. Placzek R, Salem KH, Meiss LA, Siebold D, Drescher W. The key-muscle concept: a long-term low-dose injection strategy for botulinum toxin A treatment in cerebral palsy. Acta Orthop Belg. 2012;78(1):111-116.
  38. Brochard S, Blajan V, Lempereur M et al. Effectiveness of nitrous oxide and analgesic cream (lidocaine and prilocaine) for prevention of pain during intramuscular botulinum toxin injections in children. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2009;52(10):704-716. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2009.09.001
  39. Klochkova OA, Kurenkov AL, Mamedyarov AM, Namazova-Baranova LS, Gevorkyan AK, Karimova HM. Botulinum toxin A injection precision control at spastic forms of cerebral palsy: choosing methodology. 2013;10(2):80-86. (In Russ.).
  40. Childers M. The importance of electromyographic guidance and electrical stimulation for injection of botulinum toxin. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 2003;14(4):781-792. doi: 10.1016/s1047-9651(03)00047-0
  41. Schroeder A, Berweck S, Lee S, Heinen F. Botulinum toxin treatment of children with cerebral palsy — a short review of different injection techniques. neurotox res. 2006;9(2-3):189-196. doi: 10.1007/bf03033938
  42. Berweck S, Feldkamp A, Francke A, Nehles J, Schwerin A, Heinen F. Sonography-Guided Injection of Botulinum Toxin A in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Neuropediatrics. 2002;33(4):221-223. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-34500
  43. Berweck S, Schroeder A, Fietzek U, Heinen F. Sonography-guided injection of botulinum toxin in children with cerebral palsy. The Lancet. 2004;363(9404):249-250. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15351-2
  44. Alter K. High-Frequency Ultrasound Guidance for Neurotoxin Injections. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 2010;21(3):607-630. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2010.05.001
  45. Willenborg M, Shilt J, Smith B, Estrada R, Castle J, Koman L. Technique for Iliopsoas Ultrasound-Guided Active Electromyography-Directed Botulinum A Toxin Injection in Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2002;22(2):165-168. doi: 10.1097/01241398-200203000-00005
  46. Chin T, Nattrass G, Selber P, Graham H. Accuracy of Intramuscular Injection of Botulinum Toxin A in Juvenile Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2005;25(3):286-291. doi: 10.1097/01.bpo.0000150819.72608.86
  47. Lim E, Quek A, Seet R. Accurate targeting of botulinum toxin injections: How to and why. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2011;17:34-39. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.06.016
  48. Blackmore A, Boettcher-Hunt E, Jordan M, Chan M. A systematic review of the effects of casting on equinus in children with cerebral palsy: an evidence report of the AACPDM. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2007;49(10):781-790. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00781.x
  49. Hayek S, Gershon A, Wientroub S, Yizhar Z. The effect of injections of botulinum toxin type A combined with casting on the equinus gait of children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery — British Volume. 2010;92-B(8):1152-1159. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.92b8.23086
  50. Park E, Rha D, Yoo J, Kim S, Chang W, Song S. Short-Term Effects of Combined Serial Casting and Botulinum Toxin Injection for Spastic Equinus in Ambulatory Children with Cerebral Palsy. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2010;51(4):579. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.4.579
  51. Artemenko AR, Kurenkov AL. Botulinum toxin: yesterday, today, tomorrow. 2013;2(4):6-18. (In Russ.).
  52. The ABC of botulinum toxin therapy: scientific and practical publication. All aut., under red. Timerbaevoj S.L. M.: Prakticheskaja medicina; 2014. (In Russ.).
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.