Currently, the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is limited to symptomatic therapy with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, which contribute to a temporary improvement in cognitive functions and increased independence in everyday life but have little effect on the progression rate of the neurodegenerative process. The purpose of the review is to analyze current studies of pathogenetic (disease-modifying therapy) of AD. According to modern concepts, AD pathogenesis is associated with the accumulation of amyloid protein, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc. The most promising pathogenetic therapy is currently considered anti-amyloid antibodies, anti-tau therapies, and antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory therapy. Anti-amyloid therapies such as aducanumab, lecanumab, and donanemab have recently been officially approved for practical use in some countries around the world. Therapeutic strategies for tau protein-related disorders, neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, and other neurodegeneration mechanisms are also being actively studied. Along with drug therapy, noninvasive brain stimulation methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation, which have a high safety profile and proven effectiveness, are actively developing.