For many decades, leading foreign and Russian oncologists have continued to remain focused on cancer of the cervix uteri (CCU). Its malignant tumors come to the forefront among malignancies of the female reproductive system, ranking below only breast cancer. According to experts' prognostic estimates (in terms of population increase and higher life expectancy), by 2020 the rise in the incidence and prevalence of CCU will be 40% and 11% in developing and developed countries, respectively. If timely measures to prevent and treat CCU are not implemented today, one million women worldwide will annually fall ill with this disease after 2050. The diagnostic doctrine for the early detection of CCU is now to extensively introduce cytology screening that can diagnose the onset of cellular malignization. In the past decade in Russia there has been a gradual increase in the incidence of CCU: its average and total annual increments have been 2.35 and 26.94%, respectively. CCU is one of the nosological entities that meet all population screening requirements. The normative documents existing now in Russia do not provide unambiguous answers to the questions about age at the beginning of CCU screening and a test time interval; there is no clear-cut organized CCU cytology screening program. The high morbidity and mortality from this menacing disease suggest that it is necessary to extensively introduce cytology screening throughout Russia.