Practical implications. There are currently a large number of the procedures and materials proposed for the filling of defects on the mandible. The materials applied for the osteoplastic operations are traditionally classified into autogenic, allogenic, and xenogenic. In spite of the abundance of the methods, restoration of the mandibular defects remains one of the most complex and incompletely resolved problem in stomatology and maxillofacial surgery. Material and methods. The present experiment was carried out using 24 Chinchilla rabbits to analyze regeneration of the operative defects on the mandibular bone after their substitution with an autotransplant, the allogenic lyophilized bone matrix (LKM), and the transplant prepared by the tissue-engineering technique to contain LKM and be populated with the multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow (BMMSC). In our study, we conducted computed tomography, radiological densitometry, and morphological studies of the tissue preparations. Results and discussion. The analysis of dynamics of the roentgenological picture and transformation of the newly-formed bone structures obtained between 2 and 18 weeks following surgery demonstrated that its final results and time-related parameters after the use of the LKM transplants in combination with BMMSC were comparable with the results of application of the autotransplants. The formation of the new bone tissue was documented in all the cases; however, the density of the newly formed bone plates was especially high when the combination of LKM and BMMSC was employed. It is concluded that the application of LKM in combination with BMMSC provides the most effective method for the closure of bone defects (especially extensive ones).