Evidence of new coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tract

Close metadata

SUBJECT

To summarize the features of SOVID-19 manifestations on the upper respiratory tract (URT) side.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The publications (articles and corresponding abstracts) presented in the PubMed database are analyzed. The choice of material was made according to the keywords: COVID infection, upper respiratory tract, smell, taste disorder.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Changes in URT at SOVID-19 are not leading to disease in the clinic, but allow suspecting infected persons as involuntary carriers of the virus. The most frequent manifestations are disorders of smell and taste, which are usually reversible, as well as sore throat, rhinorrhoea, stuffy nose. The review summarizes treatment principles for some URT diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic and describes olfactory training. The data on treatment of some URT diseases during the period of COVID-19 pandemic are presented, the method of olfactory training is described.

Keywords:

coronavirus

COVID-19

SARS-CoV-19

upper respiratory tract

anosmia

Authors:

Varvyanskaya A.V.

Multidisciplinary Surgery First Clinic

Lopatin A.S.

Polyclinic No.1 President’s Affairs Management of the Russian Federation

Received:

31.05.2020

Accepted:

15.06.2020

List of references:

Benvenuto D, Giovannetti M, Ciccozzi A. The 2019-new coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25688
Ashour HM, Elkhatib WF, Rahman M, Elshabrawy YA. Insights into the recent 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in light of past human coronavirus outbreaks. Pathogens. 2020;9(186):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030186
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak — an update on the status. Military Medical Research. 2020; 7:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O’Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, Agha R. World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery. 2020; 76:71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
WorldOmeter. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Accessed May 30, 2020. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004
Riggioni C, Comberiati P, Giovannini M, Agache I. A compendium answering over 140 questions on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. Preprint May 29, 2020. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159076950.07819469
Guan W. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren P, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Lovato A, de Filippis C. Clinical Presentation of COVID-19: A systematic review focusing on upper airway symptoms. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal. 2020; 145561320920762:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145561320920762
Sun P, Qie Sh, Liu Z, Ren J, Li K, Xi J. Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A single arm meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25735:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25735
Cao Y, Liu X, Xiong L, Cai K. Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020. Accepted Author Manuscript. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25822
Xie M, Chen Q. Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.071
de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2016; 14:523-534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81
Zhou Y, Yang L, Han M, Huang M, Sun X, Zheng W. Case report on early diagnosis of COVID-19. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2020;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.66
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
Lovato A, Rossettini G, de Filippis C. Sore throat in COVID-19: Comment on «Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A single arm meta-analysis». Journal of Medical Virology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25815
Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, Tao Q, Sun Z, Xia L. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200642
Wang Y, Kang H, Liu X, Tong Z. Combination of RT-qPCR testing and clinical features for diagnosis of COVID-19 facilitates management of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25721
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurology. 2020; e201127. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
Hopkins C, Bachert C, Scadding G, Hummel T, Hellings P. Information for rhinologists on COVID-19. European Rhinologic Society. 2020. Accessed May 30, 2020. https://www.europeanrhinologicsociety.org/page_id=2143
Gane SB, Kelly C, Hopkins C. Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome? Rhinology. 2020; 58:3.
Lechien JR, Hopkins C, Saussez S. Sniffing out the evidence; It’s now time for public health bodies recognize the link between COVID-19 and smell and taste disturbance. Rhinology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.159
Moein ST, Hashemian SMR, Mansourafshar B, Khorram-Tousi A, Tabarsi P, Doty RL. Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22587
Hopkins C, Kumar N. Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection. ENT UK. 2020. Accessed May 30, 2020. https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/Loss_of_sense_of_smell_as_marker_of_COVID.pdf
Lee Y, Min P, Lee S, Kim S. Prevalence and duration of acute loss of smell or taste in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2020;35(18): e174. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e174
Levinson R, Elbaz M, Ben-Ami R, Shasha D, Levinson T, Choshen G, Petrov K, Gadoth A, Paran Y. Anosmia and dysgeusia in patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.11.20055483
Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horol M, Le Bon SS, Rodriguez A, Dequanter D, Blecic S, El Afia F, Distinguin L, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, Hans S, Lopez Delgado I, Calvo-Henriquez C, Lavigne P, Falanga C, Barillari MR, Cammaroto G, Khalife M, Leich P, Souchay C, Rossi C, Journe F, Hsieh J, Edjlali M, Carlier R, Ris L, Lovato A, De Filippis C, Coppee F, Fakhry N, Ayad T, Saussez S. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1
Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T. The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820926473
Kaye R, Chang CWD, Kazahaya K, Brereton J, Denneny JC. COVID-19 anosmia reporting tool: initial findings. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;194599820922992. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820922992
Ottaviano G, Carecchio M, Scarpa B, Marchese-Ragona R. Olfactory and rhinological evaluations in SARS-CoV-2 patients complaining of olfactory loss. Rhinology. 2020;58. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.136
Hopkins C, Surda P, Whitehead E, Kumar BN. Early recovery following new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic — an observational cohort study. Version 2. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;49(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40463-020-00423-8
Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. Journal of Virology. 2008;82(15):7264-7275. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00737-08
Eliezer M, Hautefort C, Hamel AL, Verillaud B, Herman P, Houdart E, Eloit C. Sudden and complete olfactory loss function as a possible symptom of COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0832
Brann D, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Datta SR. Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients. BioRxiv. 2020. Accessed May 30, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084
Gengler I, Wang JC, Speth MM, Sedaghat AR. Sinonasal pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systematic review of the current evidence. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.384
Bousquet J, Akdis C, Jutel M, Bachert C, Klimek L, Agache I, Ansotegui IJ, Bedbrook A, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Canonica GW, Chivato T, Cruz AA, Czarlewski W, Del Giacco S, Du H, Fonseca JA, Gao Y, Haahtela T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Ivancevich JC, Khaltaev N, Knol EF, Kuna P, Larenas-Linnemann D, Mullol J, Naclerio R, Ohta K, Okamoto Y, O’Mahony L, Onorato GL, Papadopoulos NG, Pfaar O, Samolinski B, Schwarze J, Toppila-Salmi S, Ventura MT, Valiulis A, Yorgancioglu A, Zuberbier T; ARIA-MASK study group. Intranasal corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis in COVID-19 infected patients: an ARIA-EAACI statement. Allergy. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14302
Steelant B, Seys SF, Van Gerven L, Van Woensel M, Farré R, Wawrzyniak P, Kortekaas Krohn I, Bullens DM, Talavera K, Raap U, Boon L, Akdis CA, Boeckxstaens G, Ceuppens JL, Hellings PW. Histamine and T helper cytokine-driven epithelial barrier dysfunction in allergic rhinitis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2018; 141:951-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.039
Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, Yuan YD, Yang YB, Yan YQ, Akdis CA, Gao YD. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14238
Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Rueter G, Haehner A. Intranasal vitamin A is beneficial in post-infectious olfactory loss. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2017; 274:2819-2825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-017-4576-x
Blakemore LJ, Trombley PQ. Zinc modulates olfactory bulb kainate receptors. Neuroscience. 2020; 428:252-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.041
Vroegop AV, Eeckels AS, Van Rompaey V, Abeele DV, Schiappoli M, Alobid I, Hummel T, De Dorlodot C, Levie P, Huart C, Eloy P, Vanderveken OM, Hellings PW, Rombaux P, Gevaert P. COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction — an ENT perspective to the current COVID-19 pandemic. B-ENT. 2020;10.5152/B ENT.2020.20127. https://doi.org/10.5152/B-ENT.2020.20127
Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Andrews P, Altundag A, Cinghi C, Costanzo RM, Damm M, Frasnelli J, Gudziol H, Gupta N, Haehner A, Holbrook E, Hong SC, Hornung D, Hüttenbrink KB, Kamel R, Kobayashi M, Konstantinidis I, Landis BN, Leopold DA, Macchi A, Miwa T, Moesges R, Mullol J, Mueller CA, Ottaviano G, Passali GC, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Ramakrishnan VJ, Rombaux P, Roth Y, Schlosser RA, Shu B, Soler G, Stjärne P, Stuck BA, Vodicka J, Welge-Luessen A. Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinology. Supplement. 2017;54(26):1-30. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhino16.248

Close metadata