The importance of zinc in maintaining the activity of antiviral innate immunity proteins: analysis of publications on COVID-19

Close metadata

Recommended articles:

Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of the effect of herbal medicine on the symptoms of SARS-COV-2 associated pharyngitis and the formation of post-covid syndrome. Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2023;(1):35-43

Rhinoorbital mucormycosis in patients with the post-COVID syndrome. Clinical and morphological features. Russian Rhinology. 2023;(1):66-75

Multiple linear regression analysis of cancer treatment effectiveness at the level of constituent entities in the Russian Federation. Medical Technologies. Assessment and Choice. 2023;(1):9-26

Post-COVID-19 and reproductive health (data from the survey and analysis of the results). Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2023;(1):86-93

Machine learning technologies in CT-based diagnostics and classification of intracranial hemorrhages. Burdenko's Journal of Neurosurgery. 2023;(2):85-91

A new coronavirus infection in pregnant women: risks for the mother and the newborn. Russian Bulletin of Obstetrician-Gynecologist. 2023;(2):34-40

Artificial intelligence in pregnancy prediction. Russian Bulletin of Obstetrician-Gynecologist. 2023;(2):83-87

Therapeutic possibilities of stimulating reparative neurogenesis in patients with glaucoma who have recovered from a coronavirus infection. Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2023;(2):44-51

Cardiometabolic and psychocognitive features of the post-COVID period in patients with atrial fibrillation. Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 2023;(4):43-50

Morphological aspects of diaphragm dysfunction in COVID-19-associated pneumonia. Russian Journal of Archive of Patology. 2023;(3):19-22

Introduction. Compensation of concomitant micronutrient deficiencies is the most important area of support for antiviral innate immunity, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the work is to analyze all scientific publications on the study of coronaviruses available in PubMed databases. Material and methods. An analysis of 17,362 publications on coronaviruses (including 2,920 publications on the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2) was performed. The analysis was carried out using an artificial intelligence system. Results. It was shown that increasing the supply of human organisms with zinc, vitamins A, C, D, E is a promising approach for increasing resistance to SARS-CoV-2. The results of the proteome analysis confirm the importance of zinc as a cofactor of 118 proteins aimed at antiviral protection of the human body, including 11 interferon-I-dependent proteins against coronaviruses. Conclusion. The availability of zinc to the body can help inhibit the formation of the «cytokine storm» characteristic of COVID-19, reduce chronic systemic inflammation and compensate for comorbid pathologies, including cardiovascular, in patients with COVID-19.

Keywords:

zinc

coronaviruses

SARS-CoV-2

systems biology

machine learning

Zincit

Authors:

O.A. Gromova

Rossiĭskiĭ satellitnyĭ tsentr instituta mikroélementov IuNESKO;
Laboratoriia vychislitel'noĭ i sistemnoĭ biologii VTs RAN im. A.A. Dorodnitsyna;
kafedra farmakologii i klinicheskoĭ farmakologii Ivanovskoĭ gosudarstvennoĭ meditsinskoĭ akademii

I.Iu. Torshin

Rossiĭskiĭ satellitnyĭ tsentr instituta mikroélementov IuNESKO;
Laboratoriia vychislitel'noĭ i sistemnoĭ biologii VTs RAN im. A.A. Dorodnitsyna

List of references:

Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, Ji R, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhou Y. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
Wu J, Li W, Shi X, Chen Z, Jiang B, Liu J, Wang D, Liu C, Meng Y, Cui L, Yu J, Cao H, Li L. Early antiviral treatment contributes to alleviate the severity and improve the prognosis of patients with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Intern Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13063
Meo SA, Alhowikan AM, Al-Khlaiwi T, Meo IM, Halepoto DM, Iqbal M, Usmani AM, Hajjar W, Ahmed N. Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prevalence, biological and clinical characteristics comparison with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(4):2012-2019. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202002_20379
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Chen WH, Strych U, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. The SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Pipeline: an Overview. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00201-6
Prajapat M, Sarma P, Shekhar N, Avti P, Sinha S, Kaur H, Kumar S, Bhattacharyya A, Kumar H, Bansal S, Medhi B. Drug targets for corona virus: A systematic review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2020;52(1):56-65. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.IJP_115_20
Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, Song B, Cai Y, Wei M, Li X, Xia J, Chen N, Xiang J, Yu T, Bai T, Xie X, Zhang L, Li C, Yuan Y, Chen H, Li H, Huang H, Tu S, Gong F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Dong C, Zhou F, Gu X, Xu J, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Shang L, Wang K, Li K, Zhou X, Dong X, Qu Z, Lu S, Hu X, Ruan S, Luo S, Wu J, Peng L, Cheng F, Pan L, Zou J, Jia C, Wang J, Liu X, Wang S, Wu X, Ge Q, He J, Zhan H, Qiu F, Guo L, Huang C, Jaki T, Hayden FG, Horby PW, Zhang D, Wang C. A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J Crit Care. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005
Duan YJ, Liu Q, Zhao SQ, Huang F, Ren L, Liu L, Zhou YW. The Trial of Chloroquine in the Treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID-19 and Its Research Progress in Forensic Toxicology. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;36(2). https://doi.org/10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.02.001
Gleeson M. Immunological aspects of sport nutrition. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016;94(2):117-123. https://doi.org/10.1038/icb.2015.109
Limanova OA, Torshin IYu, Sardaryan IS, Kalacheva AG, Hababpashev A, Karpuchin D, Kudrin A, Yudina NV, Egorova EYu, Belinskaya AYu, Grishina TR, Gromov AN, Fedotova LE, Rudakov KV, Gromova OA. Obespechennost’ mikronutrientami i zhenskoe zdorov’e: intellektual’nyj analiz kliniko-epidemiologicheskih dannyh. Voprosy ginekologii, akusherstva i perinatologii. 2014;13(2):5-15. (In Russ.).
Torshin IYu, Gromova OA, Tetruashvili NK, Kodencova VM, Galustyan AN, Kuricyna NA, Lavrov NV, Grishina TR, Limanova OA, Kalacheva AG, Fedotova LE, Lapochkina NP, Kerimkulova NV, Mozgovaya EV, Tapil’skaya NI, Semenov VA, Malyavskaya SI, Lebedev AV, Frolova DE, Rubashkina AN, Rudakov KV. Metricheskij analiz sootnoshenij komorbidnosti mezhdu nevynashivaniem, endometriozom, narusheniyami menstrual’nogo cikla i mikronutrientnoj obespechennost’yu v skrininge zhenshchin reproduktivnogo vozrasta. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2019;5:160-173. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2019.5
Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, Gromov AN, Grishina TR, Kalacheva AG, Kerimkulova NV, Limanova OA, Malyavskaya SI, Tetruashvili NK, Serov VN, Kodencova VM, Mozgovaya EV, Gracheva ON. Intellektual’nyj analiz dannyh po techeniyu i iskhodu beremennosti: roli razlichnyh vitaminno-mineral’nyh kompleksov. Medicinskij alfavit. Sovremennaya ginekologiya. 2018;6(1):10-23. (In Russ.).
Gromova OA, Torshin IYu. Vitaminy i mineraly mezhdu Scilloj i Haribdoj: o miskoncepciyah i drugih chudovishchah. M.: Izdatel’stvo MCNMO; 2013. (In Russ.).
Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV, Grustlivaya UE, Kalacheva AG, Yudina NV, Egorova EYu, Limanova OA, Fedotova LE, Gracheva ON, Nikiforova NV, Satarina TE, Gogoleva IV, Grishina TR, Kuramshina DB, Novikova LB, Lisicyna EYu, Kerimkulova NV, Vladimirova IS, Chekmareva MN, Lyalyakina EV, Shalaeva LA, Taleporovskaya SYu, Siling TB, Semenov VA, Semenova OV, Nazarova NA, Galustyan AN, Sardaryan IS. Nedostatochnost’ magniya — dostovernyj faktor riska komorbidnyh sostoyanij: rezul’taty krupnomasshtabnogo skrininga magnievogo statusa v regionah Rossii. Farmateka. 2013;6:116-129. (In Russ.).
Gromova OA, Torshin IYu. Mikronutrienty i reproduktivnoe zdorov’e. Rukovodstvo. M.: GEOTAR-Media; 2019. (In Russ.).
Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, Gusev EI, Zaharova IN. Vitamin D. Smena paradigmy. M.: GEOTAR-Media; 2017. (In Russ.).
Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. J Med Virol. 2020;92(5):479-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25707
Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of recognition and classification problems. part 1: properties of compactness. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2016;26(2):274.
Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. part 2: density properties. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2016;26(3):483-496.
Torshin IYu. Optimal Dictionaries output information based on the criterion of Solvability and their applications in Bioinformatics. Pattern recognition and image analysis. 2013;23(2):319-327.
Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. part 2: metric approach within the framework of the theory of classification of feature values. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2017;27(2):184-199.
The Gene Ontology Consortium. The Gene Ontology Resource: 20 years and still GOing strong. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(D1):D330-D338.
Fung SY, Yuen KS, Ye ZW, Chan CP, Jin DY. A tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defence: lessons from other pathogenic viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):558-570. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1736644
Conti P, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Frydas I, Kritas SK. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34(2). https://doi.org/10.23812/CONTI-E
Grant WB, Giovannucci E. The possible roles of solar ultraviolet-B radiation and vitamin D in reducing case-fatality rates from the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States. Dermatoendocrinol. 2009;1(4):215-219. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.1.4.9063
Sindel A, Taylor T, Chesney A, Clark W, Fowler AA 3rd, Toor AA. Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization following PD-1 blockade: Cytokine release syndrome after transplantation managed with ascorbic acid. Eur J Haematol. 2019;103(2):134-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13248
Liu C, Jiang ZC, Shao CX, Zhang HG, Yue HM, Chen ZH, Ma BY, Liu WY, Huang HH, Yang J, Wang Y, Liu HY, Xu D, Wang JT, Yang JY, Pan HQ, Zou SQ, Li FJ, Lei JQ, Li X, He Q, Gu Y, Qi XL. Preliminary study of the relationship between novel coronavirus pneumonia and liver function damage: a multicenter study. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2020;28(2): 148-152. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2020.02.003
Jin X, Lian JS, Hu JH, Gao J, Zheng L, Zhang YM, Hao SR, Jia HY, Cai H, Zhang XL, Yu GD, Xu KJ, Wang XY, Gu JQ, Zhang SY, Ye CY, Jin CL, Lu YF, Yu X, Yu XP, Huang JR, Xu KL, Ni Q, Yu CB, Zhu B, Li YT, Liu J, Zhao H, Zhang X, Yu L, Guo YZ, Su JW, Tao JJ, Lang GJ, Wu XX, Wu WR, Qv TT, Xiang DR, Yi P, Shi D, Chen Y, Ren Y, Qiu YQ, Li LJ, Sheng J, Yang Y. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320926
Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-847. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768
Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, Liang HR, Chen ZS, Li YM, Liu XQ, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Ou CQ, Li L, Chen PY, Sang L, Wang W, Li JF, Li CC, Ou LM, Cheng B, Xiong S, Ni ZY, Xiang J, Hu Y, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Cheng LL, Ye F, Li SY, Zheng JP, Zhang NF, Zhong NS, He JX. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis. Eur RespirJ. 2020;2:13993003.00547-2020. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547-2020
Sanjuan R, Nebot MR, Chirico N, Mansky LM, Belshaw R. Viral mutation rates. J Virol. 2010;84(19):9733-9748. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00694-10
Torshin IYu, Gromova OA. Sensing the change from molecular genetics to personalized medicine. Nova Biomedical Books, NY, USA; 2009.
Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, Spirichev VB. Polnogenomnyj analiz sajtov svyazyvaniya receptora vitamina D ukazyvaet na shirokij spektr potencial’nyh primenenij vitamina D v terapii. Medicinskij sovet. 2016;1:12-21. (In Russ.).
Donovan J, Dufner M, Korennykh A. Structural basis for cytosolic double-stranded RNA surveillance by human oligoadenylate synthetase 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(5):1652-1657. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218528110
Rebouillat D, Hovnanian A, Marie I, Hovanessian AG. The 100-kDa 2’,5’-oligoadenylate synthetase catalyzing preferentially the synthesis of dimeric pppA2’p5’A molecules is composed of three homologous domains. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(3):1557-1565. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.3.1557
Wang L, Zhu S, Xu G, Feng J, Han T, Zhao F, She YL, Liu S, Ye L, Zhu Y. Gene Expression and Antiviral Activity of Interleukin-35 in Response to Influenza A Virus Infection. J Biol Chem. 2016;291(32):16863-16876. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.693101
Siddiqui MA, Mukherjee S, Manivannan P, Malathi K. RNase L Cleavage Products Promote Switch from Autophagy to Apoptosis by Caspase-Mediated Cleavage of Beclin-1. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(8):17611-17636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160817611
Zhao Y, Liang L, Fan Y, Sun S, An L, Shi Z, Cheng J, Jia W, Sun W, Mori-Akiyama Y, Zhang H, Fu S, Yang J. PPM1B negatively regulates antiviral response via dephosphorylating TBK1. Cell Signal. 2012;24(11):2197-2204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.017
Feng J, De Jesus PD, Su V, Han S, Gong D, Wu NC, Tian Y, Li X, Wu TT, Chanda SK, Sun R. RIOK3 is an adaptor protein required for IRF3-mediated antiviral type I interferon production. J Virol. 2014;88(14):7987-7997. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00643-14
Shan J, Wang P, Zhou J, Wu D, Shi H, Huo K. RIOK3 interacts with caspase-10 and negatively regulates the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem. 2009;332(1-2):113-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-009-0180-8
Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, Kobalava ZhD, Nazarenko AG. Sistematicheskij analiz rolej mikroelementov v profilaktike i terapii hronicheskoj serdechnoj nedostatochnosti. Kardiologiya. 2019;59(6):27-25. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2019.6.10262
Ran Y, Zhang J, Liu LL, Pan ZY, Nie Y, Zhang HY, Wang YY. Autoubiquitination of TRIM26 links TBK1 to NEMO in RLR-mediated innate antiviral immune response. J Mol Cell Biol. 2016;8(1):31-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjv068
Dong XY, Fu X, Fan S, Guo P, Su D, Dong JT. Oestrogen causes ATBF1 protein degradation through the oestrogen-responsive E3 ubiquitin ligase EFP. Biochem J. 2012;444(3):581-590. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20111890
Mizgalska D, Wegrzyn P, Murzyn K, Kasza A, Koj A, Jura J, Jarzab B, Jura J. Interleukin-1-inducible MCPIP protein has structural and functional properties of RNase and participates in degradation of IL-1beta mRNA. FEBS J. 2009;276(24):7386-7399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07452.x
Nakatsuka Y, Vandenbon A, Mino T, Yoshinaga M, Uehata T, Cui X, Sato A, Tsujimura T, Suzuki Y, Sato A, Handa T, Chin K, Sawa T, Hirai T, Takeuchi O. Pulmonary Regnase-1 orchestrates the interplay of epithelium and adaptive immunesystems to protect against pneumonia. Mucosal Immunol. 2018;11(4):1203-1218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41385-018-0024-5
Hayakawa S, Shiratori S, Yamato H, Kameyama T, Kitatsuji C, Kashigi F, Goto S, Kameoka S, Fujikura D, Yamada T, Mizutani T, Kazumata M, Sato M, Tanaka J, Asaka M, Ohba Y, Miyazaki T, Imamura M, Takaoka A. ZAPS is a potent stimulator of signaling mediated by the RNA helicase RIG-I during antiviral responses. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(1):37-44. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1963
Hausburg MA, Doles JD, Clement SL, Cadwallader AB, Hall MN, Blackshear PJ, Lykke-Andersen J, Olwin BB. Post-transcriptional regulation of satellite cell quiescence by TTP-mediated mRNA decay. Elife. 2015;4:e03390. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03390
White TE, Brandariz-Nunez A, Martinez-Lopez A, Knowlton C, Lenzi G, Kim B, Ivanov D, Diaz-Griffero F. A SAMHD1 mutation associated with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome uncouples the ability of SAMHD1 to restrict HIV-1 from its ability to downmodulate type I interferon in humans. Hum Mutat. 2017;38(6):658-668. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.23201
Emmons J, Townley-Tilson WH, Deleault KM, Skinner SJ, Gross RH, Whitfield ML, Brooks SA. Identification of TTP mRNA targets in human dendritic cells reveals TTP as a critical regulator of dendritic cell maturation. RNA. 2008;14(5):888-902. https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.748408
Li L, Soetandyo N, Wang Q, Ye Y. The zinc finger protein A20 targets TRAF2 to the lysosomes for degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1793(2):346-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.09.013
Garg AV, Amatya N, Chen K, Cruz JA, Grover P, Whibley N, Conti HR, Hernandez Mir G, Sirakova T, Childs EC, Smithgall TE, Biswas PS, Kolls JK, McGeachy MJ, Kolattukudy PE, Gaffen SL. MCPIP1 Endoribonuclease Activity Negatively Regulates Interleukin-17-Mediated Signaling and Inflammation. Immunity. 2015;43(3):475-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.021
Xu J, Peng W, Sun Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Li X, Gao G, Rao Z. Structural study of MCPIP1 N-terminal conserved domain reveals a PIN-like RNase. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40(14):6957-6965. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks359
Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ. Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol. 2004;5(5):495-502. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1066
Kim ET, Roche KL, Kulej K, Spruce LA, Seeholzer SH, Coen DM, Diaz-Griffero F, Murphy EA, Weitzman MD. SAMHD1 Modulates Early Steps during Human CytomegalovirusInfection by Limiting NF-κB Activation. Cell Rep. 2019;28(2):434-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.027
Py B, Slomianny C, Auberger P, Petit PX, Benichou S. Siva-1 and an alternative splice form lacking the death domain, Siva-2, similarly induce apoptosis in T lymphocytes via a caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway. J Immunol. 2004;172(7):4008-4017. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4008
Te Velthuis AJ, van den Worm SH, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(11):e1001176. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176
Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M, Muti E, Costarelli L, Cipriano C, Piacenza F, Tesei S, Giacconi R, Lattanzio F. Zinc, metallothioneins and longevity: interrelationships with niacin and selenium. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(26): 2719-2732. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161208786264188
Chand N, Naz S, Khan A, Khan S, Khan RU. Performance traits and immune response of broiler chicks treated with zinc and ascorbic acid supplementation during cyclic heat stress. Int J Biometeorol. 2014;58(10):2153-2157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0815-7
Feldmann HR, Williams DR, Champagne JD, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. Effectiveness of zinc supplementation on diarrhea and average daily gain in pre-weaned dairy calves: A double-blind, block-randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219321
Wang L, Qiao X, Zhang S, Qin Y, Guo T, Hao Z, Sun L, Wang X, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Tang L, Xu Y, Li Y. Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus nonstructural protein 2 contributes to inflammation via NF-kappaB activation. Virulence. 2018;9(1):1685-1698. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2018.1536632
Wei Z, Burwinkel M, Palissa C, Ephraim E, Schmidt MF. Antiviral activity of zinc salts against transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro. Vet Microbiol. 2012;160(3-4):468-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.019
Yalcin SS, Engur-Karasimav D, Alehan D, Yurdakok K, Ozkutlu S, Coskun T. Zinc supplementation and TNF-alpha levels in vaccinated cardiac patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2011;25(2):85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.03.002
Ong CL, Walker MJ, McEwan AG. Zinc disrupts central carbon metabolism andcapsule biosynthesis in Streptococcus pyogenes. Sci Rep. 2015;5: 10799. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10799
Torshin IYu, Gromova OA. Ekspertnyj analiz dannyh v molekulyarnoj farmakologii. M.: MCNMO; 2012. (In Russ.).
Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, Wang T, Zhang X, Chen H, Yu H, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu S, Song J, Chen T, Han M, Li S, Luo X, Zhao J, Ning Q. Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;2:137244. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI137244
Ghaffari J, Khalilian A, Salehifar E, Khorasani E, Rezaii MS. Effect of zincsupplementation in children with asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialin northern Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2014;20(6): 391-396.
Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD001364. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4
Hemilä H. Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration of colds: a systematicreview. Open Respir Med J. 2011;5:51-58. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306401105010051

Close metadata