Since 2007, Russia has begun the widespread introduction of preventive measures, new technologies, and the principles of medical care for circulatory system diseases (CSDs). Objective — to compare standardized mortality rates (SMRs) from CSDs in 80 regions of the Russian Federation in 2006 and 2016 and to determine their contribution to all-cause mortality. Material and methods. The data provided by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service on the average annual population size and the number of dead persons by cause of death were used. To compare the 2006 and 2016 data, the latter of the Crimean Federal District were excluded from the analysis when calculating the rates. SMRs were calculated according to a computer program using the European Standard. Results. Reduced mortality rates from all causes (23.8±4.9%) and CSDs (38.6±8.6%) were registered in all regions of the Russian Federation. The share of SMRs from CSDs in the all-cause death rates decreased at an average rate of 11.2±5.9% (57.3±5.3% in 2006 and 46.1±6.2% in 2016), the reductions in the share were 5.8 and 7.5% in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, respectively. The regions were found to be significantly heterogeneous in SMRs due to CSDs (the maximum/minimum ratio was 2.6 in 2006, and 4.1 in 2016) and in the magnitude of a reduction in SMRs due to CSDs (the coefficient of variation in the reduction in SMRs from CSDs and all causes was 53.3 and 20.6%, respectively). The correlation coefficient between the SMRs from all causes and those from CSDs was 0.89 in 2006 (p<0.0001) and 0.75 in 2016 (p<0.0001); the correlation coefficient between the decrease in SMRs from all causes and that in SMRs from CSDs was 0.38 (p=0.001). Conclusion. The substantial reduction in mortality from CSDs may suggest that the programs aimed at reducing mortality rates from this group of diseases are effective. At the same time, because of the pronounced and increasing variability of SMRs from CSDs, incorrect cause-of-death coding cannot be excluded, which requires additional studies.