There are currently increases in the incidence of digestive system diseases (DSDs), particularly among able-bodied people, and in death rates due to lifestyle and diet of the population. Objective — to investigate the efficiency of screening of the adult population for the early detection of DSDs in order to improve the differentiated technology of preventive counseling. Material and methods. The results of screening were analyzed in certain groups of the adult population in all regions of our country in 2015. The screening covered a total of 22.5 million people. The methodology consisted of two stages according to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Order No. 36aн dated February 3, 2015. Results. New-onset DSDs were first identified in 17—25% of the all registered patients. The frequency of DSDs was statistically significantly higher in men from all age groups. The screening revealed no particular differences in the identification of DSDs in elderly and middle-aged women, and the detection rate of gastritis and duodenitis even tended to decrease. A high correlation was found between an unbalanced diet and an identified DSD in the regions of the Russian Federation. Conclusion. The findings can be used to improve the differentiated technology of preventive counseling in the detection and follow-up of patients with these diseases in primary health care facilities.