Objective. To obtain new data on the macro/microscopic anatomy of the lung in health and in its malignant lesions and to create a clinical and anatomical basis for improving the diagnosis and surgical treatment of lung cancer. Materials and methods. The material to be investigated was gross histotopograms of 60 lungs from the patients operated on for their malignant lesions, 60 intravital computed tomographic examinations of the same patients, which had been performed at the prehospital stage, and the lungs from 6 cadavers of people who died of diseases unrelated to the respiratory system. Results. There was a set of new data on the macro/microscopic structure and microtopography of the lung, which included differences in the shape and size of pulmonary alveoli and in their number in different parts of the lung, as well as the features of macro/microscopic structure of the bronchi and intrapulmonary lymph nodes (LN). Macro/microscopic changes in the lung in its malignant lesions and the types of intrapulmonary LN tumors in lung cancer were described. Preoperative CT scans were compared with the histotopograms of the resected lung. The differences of changes in the lung were shown in its peripheral and central carcinoma. Conclusion. The given data complement the available information on the intraorgan anatomy of the lung and are fundamental to improve the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.