Objective: to define the role of infectious and hormonal components of tumors of the female reproductive system (FRS) at different sites and the importance of different carcinogenic factors in different nosological entities of reproductive organ cancer. Subjects and methods. The investigation included the results of a comprehensive survey of 1476 patients with precancerous diseases and tumors of the FRS. Body mass index (BMI), estrogen metabolites and their ratio were determined; PCR diagnosis and Murex-Digene Hybrid Capture II assay were carried out. Results. The performed studies have demonstrated that viral infection plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cancer of the vulva, uterine cervix, and ovaries. Examining the expression of estrogen metabolites and their impaired ratio has established that a low metabolite ratio with a high BMI may serve as a sign for the high risk of further FRS tumors, as most clearly shown by the results of trials concerning cancer of the breast and endometrium. Urinary metabolite levels may be used when grouping patients at risk for proliferative FRS diseases and when monitoring them. Conclusion. The understanding and consideration of all carcinogenic factors give rise to quite new principles in the prevention, monitoring, and early diagnosis of FRS cancer.