Papillomavirus infection is traditionally considered in the context of oncology, however growing body of evidence points to its significant role in reproductive dysfunction in both men and women. This article presents contemporary literature review devoted to the HPV (human papillomavirus) impact on the reproductive function in individuals of both sexes. The epidemiological aspects of HPV prevalence, its role in the development of cervical cancer and other oncogenic diseases, as well as its negative impact on male and female fertility, have been reviewed. The mechanisms of HPV influence on semen parameters, ovarian reserve, the process of embryogenesis, and pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth and spontaneous miscarriages, are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to secondary prevention, namely the surgical treatment of cervical precancerous lesions and the associated obstetric risks. The concluding section of the review substantiates the pivotal role of vaccination as the only reliable method for preventing HPV-associated reproductive disorders. Data on the efficacy and safety of vaccination are presented, refuting existing myths about its negative impact on fertility, along with the results of population-based studies demonstrating a reduced rate of premature births in cohorts of vaccinated women. The introduction of the first Russian-made quadrivalent HPV vaccine marks a milestone, establishing a foundation for the execution of long-term strategies to protect reproductive health in the Russian Federation.