The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Lvov A.N.

Moscow Scientific and Practical Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology, Moscow, Russia

Kornyat M.S.

Moscow Research and Practical Center for Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia

Igoshina A.V.

Moscow Sientific and Practical Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Moscow, Russia, 119071

Nazarenko A.R.

Moscow Research and Practical Center for Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia

Perspectives in acne therapy: an analytical review (in Russian only)

Authors:

Lvov A.N., Kornyat M.S., Igoshina A.V., Nazarenko A.R.

More about the authors

Read: 12909 times


To cite this article:

Lvov AN, Kornyat MS, Igoshina AV, Nazarenko AR. Perspectives in acne therapy: an analytical review (in Russian only). Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology. 2019;18(2):115‑128. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/klinderma201918021115

Recommended articles:
Study of the role of inte­rleukin-1β in blood serum in patients with acne. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2025;(4):421-424
Adhe­rence of patients to acne therapy using systemic isotretinoin. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2025;(4):483-488
Clinical discussion of patients with follicular occlusion syndrome and como­rbid pathology. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2025;(5):596-603
Rational choice of combined therapy of acne: systemic isotretinoin and high-energy hardware technologies. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2025;(5):651-656

References:

  1. Holland DB, Jeremy AH. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of acne and acne scarring. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2005;24;79-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sder.2005.03.004
  2. Del Rosso JQ, Kircik LH. The sequence of inflammation, relevant biomarkers, and the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris: what does recent research show and what does it mean to the clinician? J Drugs Dermatol. 2013 Aug;12(8 Suppl):s109-s115.
  3. Tanghetti EA. The role of inflammation in the pathology of acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2013 Sep;6(9):27-35.
  4. Selway JL, Kurczab T, Kealey T, Langlands K. Toll-like receptor 2 activation and comedogenesis: implications for the pathogenesis of acne. BMC Dermatol. 2013;13(1):10.
  5. Li ZJ, Choi DK, Sohn KC, Seo MS, Lee HE, Lee Y, et al. Propionibacterium acnes activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(11):2747-2756. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.221
  6. Agak GW, Qin M, Nobe J, Kim M-H, Krutzik SR, Tristan GR, et al. Propionibacterium acnes induces an IL-17 response in acne vulgaris that is regulated by vitamin A and vitamin D. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(2):366-373. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.334
  7. Zouboulis CC, Dessinioti C, Tsatsou F, Gollnick HPM. Anti-acne drugs in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2017 Jul;26(7):813-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2017.1337745
  8. Zouboulis CC. Zileuton, a new efficient and safe systemic antiacne drug. Dermatoendocrinol. 2009;1(3):188-192. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.1.3.8368
  9. Miller I, Lynggaard CD, Lophaven S, Zachariae C, Dufour DN, Jemec GBE. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of adalimumab in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. BJD. 2011;165:391-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10339.x
  10. Dreno B, Pecastaings S, Corvec S, Veraldi S, Khammari1 A,Roques C. Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: a brief look at the latest updates. JEADV. 2018;32(Suppl. 2):5-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15043
  11. Leyden J, Stein-Gold L, Weiss J. Why Topical Retinoids Are Mainstay of Therapy for Acne. Dermatology and Therapy. 2017;7(3):293-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-017-0185-2
  12. Aubert J, Piwnica D, Bertino B, Blanchet-Réthoré S, Carlavan I, Déret S, Dreno B, Gamboa B, Jomard A, Luzy AP, Mauvais P, Mounier C, Pascau J, Pelisson I, Portal T, Rivier M, Rossio P, Thoreau E, Vial1 E, Voegel JJ. Nonclinical and human pharmacology of the potent and selective topical retinoic acid receptor-γ agonist trifarotene. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Aug;179(2):442-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16719
  13. Jerry T, Ulrike B-P. A Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Vehicle Controlled Study To Compare The Effi- cacy And Safety Of CD5789 50 lg/g. Cream Versus Vehicle Cream In Subjects With Acne Vulgaris. Accessed 10 Jul 2017. Accessed 17 Jun 2017. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02566369
  14. Epstein EL, Stein Gold L. Safety and efficacy of tazarotene foam for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013 May 14;6:123-125. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S34054
  15. Jarratt M, Werner CP, Alió Saenz AB. Tazarotene foam versus tazarotene gel: a randomized relative bioavailability study in acne vulgaris. Clin Drug Investig. 2013 Apr;33(4):283-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-013-0065-1
  16. Maiti R, Sirka CS, Ashique Rahman MA, Srinivasan A, Parida S, Hota D. Efficacy and Safety of Tazarotene 0.1% Plus Clindamycin 1% Gel Versus Adapalene 0.1% Plus Clindamycin 1% Gel in Facial Acne Vulgaris: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin Drug Investig. 2017 Nov;37(11):1083-1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-017-0568-2
  17. Layton AM, Cunliffe WJ. Guidelines for optimal use of isotretinoin in acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:S2-S7.
  18. Peck GL, Olsen TG, Butkus D, et al. Isotretinoin versus placebo in the treatment of cystic acne: a randomized double-blind study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;6:735-745.
  19. Accutane FDA information. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetylnformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm094305.htm
  20. RLS 2018 [elektronnyi resurs], http: www.rlsnet.ru
  21. Plewig G, Dressel H, Pfleger M, Michelsen S, Kligman AM. Low dose isotretinoin combined with tretinoin is effective to correct abnormalities of acne. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2004;2(1):31-45.
  22. Sakaniya LR, Polteva KT, Korsunskaya IM. Using Algorithm of Descending Doses of Retinoids in Treatment of Acne Resistant Therapies. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology = Klinichaskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya. 2016;2:69-73.
  23. Hermes B, Praetel C, Henz B. M. Medium dose isotretinoin for the treatment of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1998;11(2):117-121.
  24. Hirsch RJ, Shalita AR. Isotretinoin dosing: past, present, and future trends. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001;20(3):162-165.
  25. Borghi A, Mantovani L, Minghetti S, Virgili A, Bettoli V. Acute Acne Flare following Isotretinoin Administration: Potential Protective Role of Low Starting Dose. Dermatology. 2008;218(2):178-180.
  26. American Academy of Dermatology. https://www.aad.org/practicecenter/quality/clinical-guidelines/acne/isotretinoin
  27. Kubanova AA. Akne: klinicheskie rekomendatsii Rossiiskogo obshchestva dermatovenerologov. Pod red. Kubanovoy AA. M.: DEKS-Press, 2010;28. (In Russ.)
  28. Abdukhalikova ML, Malova IO, Mikhalevich IM. Clinical and pharmaeconomic treatment effiacy of moderate severity of acne vulgaris small dose of isotretinoin. Sibirskiy Medicinskiy Zurnal (Irkutsk). 2015;1:63-67.
  29. Samgin MA, Lvov AN, Potekaev NS, Potekaev NN, Mazaeva SV, Gromova SA. New possibilities in the treatment of rosacea and diseases of the sebaceous glands. Rossiiskii Zurnal Kozhnykh i Venericheskikh Boleznei. 2002;3:60-65.
  30. Samtsov AV. Akne i akneformnye dermatozy. M. 2009;288. (In Russ.)
  31. Karadag AS, Ertugrul DT, Takci Z, Bilgili SG, Namuslu M, Ata N, Sekeroglu R. The effect of isotretinoin on retinol-binding protein 4, leptin, adiponectin and insulin resistance in acne vulgaris patients. Dermatology. 2015;230(1):70-74.
  32. Nelson AM, Zhao W, Gilliland KL et al. Temporal changes in gene expression in the skin of patients treated with isotretinoin provide insight into its mechanism of action. Dermatoendocrinology. 2009;1:177-187.
  33. Zouboulis C. Exploration of retinoid activity and the role of inflammation in acne: issues affecting future directions for acne therapy. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2001;15:63-67.
  34. Sitzmann JH, Bauer FW, Cunliffe WJ, Holland DB, Lemotte PK. In situ 13- cis hybridization analysis of CRABP II expression in sebaceous follicles from retinoicacid-treated acne patients. Br J Dermatol. 1995;133:241-248.
  35. Goldstein JA, Comite H, Mescon H, Pochi PE. Isotretinoin in the treatment of Acne. Arch Dermatol. 1982;118:555-558; Weiss JS, Ellis CN, Headington JT, Tincoff T, Hamilton TA, Voorhees JJ. Topical tretinoin improves photoaged skin. A doubleblind vehicle-controlled study. JAMA. 1988;259:527-532.
  36. Hughes BR, Cunliffe WJ. A prospective study of the effect of isotretinoin on the follicular reservoir and sustainable sebum excretion rate in patients with acne. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:315-318.
  37. Adaskevich VP. Perioral dermatitis: clinical presentition, diagnosis and treatment. Dermatology. 2008;1:17-20.
  38. Layton A. The use of isotretinoin in acne. Dermatoendocrinology. 2009;1:162-169.
  39. Chivot M. Acne flares and deteriorations during oral isotretinoin therapy. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2001;128:224-228.
  40. Szepietowski J, Kapińska-Mrowiecka M, Kaszuba A, et al. Trądzik zwyczajny: patogeneza i leczenie. Konsensus Polskiego Towarzystwa Dermatologicznego. Przegl Dermatol. 2012;99:649-673.
  41. Cemil BC, Ayvaz HH, Ozturk G, et al. Effects of isotretinoin on body mass index, serum adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin levels in acne vulgaris patients. Adv Dermatol Allergol. 2016;33:294-299.
  42. Rubenstein R, Roenigk HH Jr, Stegman SJ, Hanke CW. Atypical keloids after dermabrasion of patients taking isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15:280-285.
  43. Picosse FR, Yarak S, Cabral NC, Bagatin E. Early chemabrasion for acne scars after treatment with oral isotretinoin. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:1521-1526.
  44. Kim HW, Chang SE, Kim JE, Ko JY, Ro YS. The safe delivery of fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser treatment for acne scars in Asian patients receiving oral isotretinoin. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40:1361-1366.
  45. Kingsley M, Graber E, Soo Y, Bae-Harboe C. Treatment of acne scarring with ablative fractionated laser resurfacing following isotretinoin therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(4):AB216.
  46. Leyden J, Stein-Gold L, Weiss J. Why Topical Retinoids Are Mainstay of Therapy for Acne. Dermatology and Therapy. 2017;7(3):293-304.
  47. Pena S, Hill D, Feldman SR. Use of topical retinoids by dermatologists and non-dermatologists in the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74:1252-1254.
  48. Balkrishnan R, Bhosle MJ, Camacho F, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR. Prescribing patterns for topical retinoids: analyses of 15 years of data from the national ambulatory medical care survey. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21:193-200.
  49. Akman A, Durusoy C, Senturk M, Koc CK, Soyturk D,Alpsoy E. Treatment of acne with intermittent and conventional isotretinoin: a randomized, controlled multicenter study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2007;299:467-473.
  50. Kaymak Y, Ãlter N. The effectiveness of intermittent isotretinoin treatment in mild or moderate acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20:1256-1266.
  51. Goulden V, Clark SM, Mcgeown C, CunliVe WJ. Treatment of acne with intermittent isotretinoin. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:106-108.
  52. Palmer RA, Sidhu S, Goodwin PG. ‘Microdose’ isotretinoin. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:205-206.
  53. Lvov AN, Samgin MA. Low doses of systemic isotretinoin for acne excoriee: the first experience of treatment. JEADV. 2003;168.
  54. L’vov AN, Samgin MA. Ekskoriirovannye ugri: pervyi opyt lecheniya nizkodozirovannym roakkutanom. Tezisy dokladov X Rossiiskogo natsional’nogo kongressa «Chelovek i lekarstvo». Moscow. 2003 7-11 apr. (In Russ.)
  55. Lvov AN, Kiriluc AV. Roaccutane in therapy of acne: the new low dose therapeutic regimen. Russian Medical Journal. 2008;16(23):1541-1546. (In Russ.)
  56. Masiukova SA, Mordovtseva VV, Kakhishvili NN, Sanakoeva EG, Kruglova LS, Sokolova YuP. Clinical case of acne treatment with low-dose isotretinoin. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology = Klinichaskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya. 2014;1:68-74. (In Russ.)
  57. Amichai B, Shemer A, Grunwald MH. Low-dose isotretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:644-646.
  58. Daulat Ram Dhaked, Ram Singh Meena, Anshul Maheshwari, Uma Shankar Agarwal, Saroj Purohit. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016 Sep-Oct;7(5): 378-385.
  59. Agarwal US, Besarwal RK, Bhola K. Oral isotretinoin in different dose regimens for acne vulgaris: a randomized comparative trial. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011;77:688-694.
  60. De D, Kanwar AJ. Combination of low-dose isotretinoin and pulsed oral azithromycin in the management of moderate to severe acne: a preliminary open-label, prospective, non-comparative, single-centre study. Clin Drug Investig. 2011;31:599-604.
  61. Plewig G, Hennes R, Maas B, Mack–Hennes A. Remission behavior following low–dose 13–cis–retinoic acid in papulopustular acne. Z Hautkr. 1986 Sep 1;61(17):1205-1210.
  62. Rademaker M, Wishart J, Birchall N. Isotretinoin 5 mg daily for persistent low-grade adult acne vulgaris — a randomised double blind study (in-press: abstract EADV Prague 2012).
  63. Bruno NP, Beacham BE, Burnett JW. Adverse effects of isotretinoin therapy. Cutis. 1984;33:484-489.
  64. Rao PK, Bhat RM, Nandakishore B, Dandakeri S, Martis J, Kamath GH. Safety and efficacy of low-dose isotretinoin in the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris.Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59:316.
  65. Rasi A, Behrangi E, Rohaninasab M, Nahad ZM. Efficacy of fixed daily 20 mg of isotretinoin in moderate to severe scar prone acne. Adv Biomed Res. 2014;3:103.
  66. Kotori M. Low-dose Vitamin «A» Tablets-treatment of Acne Vulgaris. Medical Archives. 2015;69(1):28.
  67. Dhaked DR, Meena RS, Maheshwari A, Agarwal US, Purohit S. A randomized comparative trial of two low-dose oral isotretinoin regimens in moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016 Sep-Oct; 7(5):378-385.
  68. Lee JW, Yoo KH, Park KY, et al. Effectivenes of conventional, low-dose and intermittent oral isotretinoin in the treatment of acne: a randomized, controlled comparative study. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:1369-1375.
  69. Sardana K, Garg V, Sehgal V, Mahajan S, Bhushan P. Efficacy of fixed low-dose isotretinoin (20 mg, alternate days) with topical clindamycin gel in moderately severe acne vulgaris. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2009;23(5):556-560.
  70. Szepietowski J, Kapińska-Mrowiecka M, Kaszuba A, et al. Trądzik zwyczajny: patogeneza i leczenie. Konsensus Polskiego Towarzystwa Dermatologicznego. Przegl Dermatol. 2012;99:649-673.
  71. El-Sherif NA, Greiw AS, Benamer AM. Daily Low Dose versus Intermittent Isotretinoin Regimens. Ibnosina J Med BS. 2013;5:296-302.
  72. Plewig G. Isotretinoin Therapie: Wann, was, wie? In: Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und venerologie 2004 (Hrsg. G. Plewig, P. Kaudewitz, C.A. Sander). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2005;245-258.
  73. Igoshina AV, Michenko AV, Lvov AN. Spatially modulated ablation of an erbium laser in combination with isotretinoin in acne excorie. EADeP. 2017.
  74. Geissler SE, Michelsen S, Plewig G. Very low dose isotretinoin is effective in controlling seborrhea. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2003;1:952-958.
  75. Chandrashekar BS, Varsha DV, Vasanth V, Jagadish P, Madura C, Rajashekar ML. Safety of performing invasive acne scar treatment and laser hair removal in patients on oral isotretinoin: a retrospective study of 110 patients. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53:1281-1285.
  76. Bowes LE, Alster TS. Treatment of Facial Scarring and Ulceration Resulting from Acne Excorie´e with 585-nm Pulsed Dye Laser Irradiation and Cognitive Psychotherapy. American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. 2004;30:934-938.
  77. Jones TM, Ellman H, deVries T. Pharmacokinetic comparison of once-daily topical minocycline foam 4% vs oral minocycline for moderate-to-severe acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017 Oct 1;16(10):1022-1028.
  78. Trivedi MK, Bosanac SS, Sivamani RK, Larsen LN. Emerging Therapies for Acne Vulgaris. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018 Aug;19(4):505-516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-018-0345-x
  79. Narayanan V, Motlekar S, Kadhe G, Bhagat S. Efficacy and Safety of Nadifloxacin for Bacterial Skin Infections: Results from Clinical and Post-Marketing Studies. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2014;4:233-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-014-0062-1
  80. Kurokawa I, Akamatsu H, Nishijima S, Asada Y, Kawabata S. Clinical and bacteriologic evaluation of OPC-7251 in patients with acne: A double-blind group comparison study versus cream base. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991 Oct; 25(4):674-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(91)70252-W
  81. Tunca M, Akar A, Ozmen I, Erbil H. Topical nadifloxacin 1% cream vs. topical erythromycin 4% gel in the treatment of mild to moderate acne. Int J Dermatol. 2010 Dec;49(12):1440-1444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04601.x
  82. Shah BJ, Sumathy TK, Dhurat RS, Torsekar RG, Viswanath V, Mukhi JI, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of topical fixed combination of nadifloxacin 1% and adapalene 0.1% in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris in indian patients: a multicenter, open-labelled, prospective study. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59(4):385. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.135492
  83. Sato T, Shirane T, Noguchi N, Sasatsu M, Ito A. Novel anti-acne actions of nadifloxacin and clindamycin that inhibit the production of sebum, prostaglandin E2 and promatrix metalloproteinase-2 in hamster sebocytes. J Dermatol. 2012 Sep;39(9):774-780.
  84. Keri J. What’s new in acne and rosacea? Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2016 Jun;35(2):103-106.
  85. Juan A-B. Molecular and clinical study of the effect of zaxcell versus effezel in the inflammatory and scarring process of moderate and severe acne [cited 10 Jul 2017]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03076320
  86. Wang Y, Hata TR, Tong YL, Kao MS, Zouboulis CC, Gallo RL, Huang CM. The Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Propionibacterium acnes CAMP Factor-Targeted Acne Vaccines. J Invest Dermatol. 2018 Nov;138(11):2355-2364.
  87. Meingassner JG, Aschauer H, Winiski AP, Dales N, Yowe D, Winther MD, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase in the skin induces atrophy of the sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(8):2091.
  88. Y Paul Goldberg, Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc. A Phase 1 and 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy, and Exposure of up to 12 Weeks of XPF-005 Treatment in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects With Acne Vulgaris [cited 10 Jul 2017]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02656043. Accessed 17 Jun 2017.
  89. Hunt DW, Winters GC, Brownsey RW, Kulpa JE, Gilliland KL, Thiboutot DM, Hofland HE. Inhibition of sebum production with the acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase inhibitor olumacostat glasaretil. J Invest Dermatol. 2017 Jul; 137(7):1415-1423.
  90. Bissonnette R, Poulin Y, Drew J, Hofland H, Tan J. Olumacostat glasaretil, a novel topical sebum inhibitor, in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a phase IIa, multicenter, randomized, vehiclecontrolled study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(1):33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.08.053
  91. Eisinger M, Li W-H, Anthonavage M, Pappas A, Zhang L, Rossetti D, et al. A melanocortin receptor 1 and 5 antagonist inhibits sebaceous gland differentiation and the production of sebum-specific lipids. J Dermatol Sci. 2011;63(1):23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.04.001
  92. Cone RD. Studies on the physiological functions of the melanocortin system. Endocr Rev. 2006 Dec;27(7):736-749.
  93. Mimetica Pty Limited. A randomized, single-blind, phase 2 study to determine the safety, tolerability, and systemic exposure of 3 dose regimens of topically applied MTC896 gel in subjects with acne vulgaris [cited 10 Jul 2017]. Accessed 17 Jun 2017. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02293018
  94. Thiboutot DM, Kircik L, McMichael A, Cook-Bolden FE, Tyring SK, Berk DR, Chang-Lin JE, Lin V, Kaoukhov A. Efficacy, Safety, and Dermal Tolerability of Dapsone Gel, 7.5% in Patients with Moderate Acne Vulgaris: A Pooled Analysis of Two Phase 3 Trials. J Clin Asthet Dermatol. 2016;9(10):18-27.
  95. Watton C, Smith K, Carter E. Methemoglobinemia as a Complication of Topical Dapsone. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 29;372(5):492. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1408272
  96. Trifu V, Tiplica GS, Naumescu E, Zalupca L, Moro L, Celasco G. Cortexolone 17α-propionate 1% cream, a new potent antiandrogen for topical treatment of acne vulgaris. A pilot randomized, double-blind comparative study vs. placebo and tretinoin 0·05% cream. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Jul;165(1):177-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10332.x
  97. Celasco G, Moro L, Bozzella R, Ferraboschi P, Bartorelli L, Quattrocchi C, Nicoletti F. Biological profile of cortexolone 17a-propionate (CB-03-01), a new topical and peripherally selective androgen antagonist. Arzneimittelforschung. 2004;54(12):881-886.
  98. Kohler C, Tschumi K, Bodmer C, Schneiter M, Birkhaeuser M. Effect of finasteride 5 mg (Proscar) on acne and alopecia in female patients with normal serum levels of free testosterone. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007;23(3):142-145.
  99. Kumar R, Singh B, Bakshi G, Katare OP. Development of liposomal systems of finasteride for topical applications: design, characterization, and in vitro evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol. 2007;12(6):591-601.
  100. Plovanich M, Weng QY, Mostaghimi A. Low usefulness of potassium monitoring among healthy young women taking spironolactone for acne. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(9):941-944. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.34
  101. Dobrosi N, Tóth BI, Nagy G, Dózsa A, Géczy T, Nagy L, Zouboulis CC, Paus R, Kovács L, Bíró T. Endocannabinoids enhance lipid synthesis and apoptosis of human sebocytes via cannabinoid receptor-2-mediated signaling. FASEB J. 2008 Oct;22(10):3685-3695. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.07-104877
  102. Thiboutot, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: an international consensus from Global Alliance to improve outcomes in acne. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2018 Feb. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.09.078
  103. Zouboulis CC, Desai N, Emtestam L, Hunger RE, Ioannides D, Juhasz I, Lapins J, Matusiak L, Prens EP, Revuz J, Schneider-Burrus S, Szepietowski JC, van der Zee HH, Jemec GBE. European S1 guideline for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversea. JEADV. 2015;29:619-644. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12966

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.