The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Login
EN
+7 (495) 482-4118
+7 (495) 482-0604
+8 800 250-18-12
  • (toll-free number for subscriptions)
    Mon-Fri from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

  • © 1998-2025
+7 (495) 482-43-29
EN
All journals
Journal
Year
Year
Search result: 0

Karetnikova V.N.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases;
Kemerovo State Medical University

Neeshpapa A.G.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases

Shmidt E.A.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases

Karpova E.I.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases

Barbarash O.L.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases;
Kemerovo State Medical University

Coronary artery disease in young women: a modern view on the problem

Authors:

Karetnikova V.N., Neeshpapa A.G., Shmidt E.A., Karpova E.I., Barbarash O.L.

More about the authors

Journal: Russian Cardiology Bulletin. 2025;20(2): 5‑12

DOI: 10.17116/Cardiobulletin2025200215

Read: 1327 times

Download PDF (RU)
Contact the author
Table of contents

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN YOUNG WOMEN: A MODERN VIEW ON THE PROBLEM
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN YOUNG WOMEN: A MODERN VIEW ON THE PROBLEM

To cite this article:

Karetnikova VN, Neeshpapa AG, Shmidt EA, Karpova EI, Barbarash OL. Coronary artery disease in young women: a modern view on the problem. Russian Cardiology Bulletin. 2025;20(2):5‑12. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/Cardiobulletin2025200215

ЭндоКард
Подписка 2026 Кардиологический вестник (Russian Cardiology Bulletin)
 
МСФ на ЯМ
Использование инфографики авторами научных работ
Close metadata
Recommended articles:
Endo­vascular correction of lesions of coro­nary arte­ries and coro­nary artery bypass grafts in patients with coro­nary artery disease with recu­rrent ischemia after surgical myocardial reva­scularization. Russian Cardiology Bulletin. 2024;(4):34-40
Cyto­kine profile in middle-aged men with acute and chro­nic coro­nary syndrome and its rela­tion with coro­nary bed lesion seve­rity. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(10):101-107
Reha­bilitation pote­ntial of patients with ischemic heart disease who unde­rwent auto­venous coro­nary artery bypass surgery in the evaluation of reha­bilitation treatment effe­ctiveness. Problems of Balneology, Physiotherapy and Exercise Therapy. 2024;(5):29-39
Inde­pendent adve­rse outcomes predictors in patients with stable coro­nary heart disease after sche­duled percutaneous coro­nary inte­rventions. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(11):94-101
Improving an auto­matic stress test analysis protocol as a problem solu­tion for sympatho-dependent arrhythmias identification. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(11):115-121
Cost-effectiveness of using rubi­dium-82 chlo­ride perfusion PET for planning myocardial reva­scularization procedures. Piro­gov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2024;(12-2):58-65
Mode­rate ischemic mitral insu­fficiency with severe left ventricular dysfunction: surgical treatment depe­nding on predictors of adve­rse long-term outcomes. Russian Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2024;(6):651-659
Radionuclide methods in analysis of myocardial perfusion and meta­bolic acti­vity. Rege­nerative Biotechnologies, Preventive, Digi­tal and Predictive Medi­cine. 2024;(4):12-19
Reclassification of ischemic heart disease epidemiological criteria. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(12):61-68
Effe­ctiveness of the second stage program of medi­cal reha­bilitation of patients with ischemic heart disease. Russian Journal of Preventive Medi­cine. 2024;(12):75-80
Abstract:

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the dominant cause of mortality. At the same time, women, especially young ones, often remain objectively underestimated regarding the risk of cardiac diseases. The incidence of comorbidities is currently increasing, including young people. The incidence of coronary artery disease in young women is also increasing (18—44 years). In addition to generally accepted risk factors, this disease in females has gender-specific risk factors (early menarche and early menopause, some gynecological diseases, complicated obstetric history) and is not always characterized by typical clinical course. Atypical clinical presentation and low alertness among medical personnel can lead to underdiagnosis and adverse consequences. In addition, it is now known that many traditional risk factors of cardiac pathology have a greater impact on women for unclear reasons.

Keywords:

coronary artery disease
young women
non/traditional risk factors

Authors:

Karetnikova V.N.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases;
Kemerovo State Medical University

Neeshpapa A.G.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases

Shmidt E.A.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases

Karpova E.I.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases

Barbarash O.L.

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases;
Kemerovo State Medical University

Received:

09.06.2024

Accepted:

22.07.2024

Close metadata

References:

  1. Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, Bairey Merz CN, Chieffo A, Figtree GA, Guerrero M, Kunadian V, Lam CSP, Maas AHEM, Mihailidou AS, Olszanecka A, Poole JE, Saldarriaga C, Saw J, Zühlke L, Mehran R. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2385-2438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00684-X
  2. Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N, Torbica A, Katus H, De Smedt D, Gale CP, Maggioni AP, Petersen SE, Huculeci R, Kazakiewicz D, de Benito Rubio V, Ignatiuk B, Raisi-Estabragh Z, Pawlak A, Karagiannidis E, Treskes R, Gaita D, Beltrame JF, McConnachie A, Bardinet I, Graham I, Flather M, Elliott P, Mossialos EA, Weidinger F, Achenbach S. The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks: A Compass for Global Action. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2980-2981.
  3. Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N, Torbica A, Katus H, De Smedt D, Gale CP, Maggioni AP, Petersen SE, Huculeci R, Kazakiewicz D, de Benito Rubio V, Ignatiuk B, Raisi-Estabragh Z, Pawlak A, Karagiannidis E, Treskes R, Gaita D, Beltrame JF, McConnachie A, Bardinet I, Graham I, Flather M, Elliott P, Mossialos EA, Weidinger F, Achenbach S. European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(8):716-799.  https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac064
  4. Haider A, Bengs S, Luu J, Osto E, Siller-Matula JM, Muka T, Gebhard C. Sex and gender in cardiovascular medicine: presentation and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(13):1328-1336. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz898
  5. Arora S, Stouffer GA, Kucharska-Newton AM, Qamar A, Vaduganathan M, Pandey A, Porterfield D, Blankstein R, Rosamond WD, Bhatt DL, Caughey MC. Twenty Year Trends and Sex Differences in Young Adults Hospitalized With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2019;139(8):1047-1056. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037137
  6. Holtzman JN, Kaur G, Hansen B, Bushana N, Gulati M. Sex differences in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2023;384:117268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117268
  7. SHal’nova SA, Oganov RG, Deev AD, Imaeva AE, Luk’yanov MM, Artamonova GV, Gatagonova TM, Grinshtejn YUI, Duplyakov DV, Efanov AYU, ZHernakova YUV, Il’in VA, Libis RA, Minakov AV, Nevzorova VA, Nedogoda SV, Romanchuk SA, Rotar’ OP, Trubacheva IA, SHlyahto EV, Bojcov SA, Balanova YUA, Muromceva GA, Evstifeeva SE, Kapustina AV, Mamedov MN, Gutnova SK, Toguzova ZA, Tolparov GV, Kulakova NV, SHestakova NV, Mokshina MV, Rodionova LV, CHumachek EV, Ledyaeva AA, Kasimov RA, SHabunova AA, Leonidova GV, Kalashnikov KN, Kalachikova ON, Rossoshanskij AI, Kondakova NA, Popov AV, Ustinova KA, Furmenko GI, Babenko NI, Azarin OG, Bondarcov LV, Hvostikova AE, Nazarova OA, Belova OA, SHutemova EA, Petrova MM, Danilova LK, Evsyukov AA, Topol’skaya NV, SHabalin VV, Aristov AI, Ruf RR, Kosinova AA, SHmatova EN, Kaskaeva DS, Basyrova IR, Kondratenko VYU, Lopina EA, Safonova DV, Gudkova SA, CHerepanova NA, Karpov RS, Kaveshnikov VS, Serebryakova VN, Medvedeva IV, SHava VP, SHalaev SV, Barbarash OL, Skripchenko AE, Indukaeva EV, Mulerova TA, Maksimov SA, CHerkass NV, Tabakaev MV, Danil’chenko YAV. Comorbidities of ischemic heart disease with other non-communicable diseases in adult population: age and risk factors association. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2015;14(4):44-51. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2015-4-44-51
  8. Barbarash OL, Sedykh DY, Bykova IS, Kashtalap VV, Erlich AD. Risk Factors, Clinical Features of the Course of Myocardial Infarction and Treatment of Young Patients Based on Two Hospital Registries. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2020;16(2):250-257. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2020-04-01
  9. Okoth K, Chandan JS, Marshall T, Thangaratinam S, Thomas GN, Nirantharakumar K, Adderley NJ. Association between the reproductive health of young women and cardiovascular disease in later life: umbrella review. BMJ. 2020;371:m3502. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3502
  10. Davis M, Diamond J, Montgomery D, Krishnan S, Eagle K, Jackson E. Acute coronary syndrome in young women under 55 years of age: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Clin Res Cardiol. 2015; 104(8):648-55.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-015-0827-2
  11. Haug EB, Horn J, Markovitz AR, Fraser A, Klykken B, Dalen H, Vatten LJ, Romundstad PR, Rich-Edwards JW, Åsvold BO. Sex- and gender-differences in chronic long-term complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Italy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(10):2297-2309. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051176
  12. Dikaiou P, Björck L, Adiels M, Lundberg CE, Mandalenakis Z, Manhem K, Rosengren A. Obesity. Obesity, overweight and risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality in young women. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28(12):1351-1359. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487320908983
  13. Vekic J, Stefanovic A, Zeljkovic A. Obesity and Dyslipidemia: A Review of Current Evidence. Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(3):207-222.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-023-00518-z
  14. Dyslipidemia in Women: Etiology and Management. Stroke Revisited: Dyslipidemia in Stroke. Stroke Revisited. Rajai N., Welty FK. In: Lee SH, Kang MK, eds. Springer, Singapore; 2021:173-203.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3923-4_16
  15. Bai MF, Wang X. Risk factors associated with coronary heart disease in women: a systematic review. Herz. 2020;45(1):52-57.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-019-4835-2
  16. Chubykina UV, Afanasyeva OI, Tmoyan NA, Ezhov MV. Monitoring and screening programs for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. The Journal of Atherosclerosis and Dyslipidemias. 2020;2(39): 43—49. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.34687/2219-8202.JAD.2020.02.0006
  17. Ezhov MV, Bliznyuk SA, Lazareva NV, Sagaydak OV, Vygodin VA, Chubykina UV, Kolmagorova TE, Oschepkova E. V. Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in russian acute coronary syndrome registry Russian. Cardiology Bulletin. 2019(14):48-52. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36396/MS.2019.15.4.006
  18. Azeez O, Kulkarni A, Kuklina EV, Kim SY, Cox S. Hypertension and diabetes in non-pregnant women of reproductive age in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis. 2019;16:E146. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd16.190105
  19. Nilsson PM, Viigimaa M, Giwercman A, Cifkova R. Hypertension and Reproduction. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22(4):29.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-020-01036-2
  20. Bramham K, Parnell B, Nelson-Piercy C, Seed PT, Poston L, Chappell LC. Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2014;348:g2301. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2301
  21. Michos ED, Vasamreddy CR, Becker DM, Yanek LR, Moy TF, Fishman EK, Becker LC, Blumenthal RS. Women with a low Framingham risk score and a family history of premature coronary heart disease have a high prevalence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 2005;150(6): 1276-1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.037
  22. Matsushita K, Ballew SH, Wang AY, Kalyesubula R, Schaeffner E, Agarwal R. Epidemiology and risk of cardiovascular disease in populations with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18(11):696-707.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-022-00616-6
  23. Carrero JJ, Hecking M, Chesnaye NC, Jager KJ. Sex and gender disparities in the epidemiology and outcomes of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018;14:151-64.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2017.181
  24. Wiles K, Webster P, Seed PT, Bennett-Richards K, Bramham K, Brunskill N, Carr S, Hall M, Khan R, Nelson-Piercy C, Webster LM, Chappell LC, Lightstone L. The impact of chronic kidney disease Stages 3-5 on pregnancy outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;36(11):2008-2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa247
  25. Corona G, Croce L, Sparano C, Petrone L, Sforza A, Maggi M, Chiovato L, Rotondi M. Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(12):2535-2544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01590-9
  26. Kumar S, Kotur P. Effects of hypothyroidism in Indian women of reproductive age group-A review. Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research. 2020;7(1):1-6.  https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2020.001
  27. Verbovoy AF, Dolgikh YuA, Verbovaya NI. Hypothyroidism is an interdisciplinary problem. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(9):509-515. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-9-509-515
  28. Geraghty L, Figtree GA, Schutte AE, Patel S, Woodward M, Arnott C. Cardiovascular Disease in Women: From Pathophysiology to Novel and Emerging Risk Factors. Heart Lung Circ. 2021;30(1):9-17.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2020.05.108
  29. El-Serag R, Thurston RC. Matters of the Heart and Mind: Interpersonal Violence and Cardiovascular Disease in Women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(4):e015479. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.015479
  30. Chandan JS, Thomas T, Bradbury-Jones C, Taylor J, Bandyopadhyay S, Nirantharakumar K. Risk of cardiometabolic disease and all‐cause mortality in female survivors of domestic abuse. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e014580  https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.014580
  31. Bullock-Palmer RP, Shaw LJ, Gulati M. Emerging misunderstood presentations of cardiovascular disease in young women. Clin Cardiol. 2019;42(4):476-483.  https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23165
  32. Lei S, Zheng R, Zhang S, Wang S, Chen R, Sun K, Zeng H, Zhou J, Wei W. Global patterns of breast cancer incidence and mortality: A population-based cancer registry data analysis from 2000 to 2020. Cancer Commun (Lond). 2021;41(11):1183-1194. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12207
  33. Potievskaya VI, Ahobekov AA, Hmelevskij EV, et al. Radiation-induced ischemic heart disease. Voprosy onkologii. 2022: 68(2):169-177. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2022-68-2-169-177
  34. Matyash MG, Kravchuk TL, Vysockaya VV, et al. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: mechanisms of development and clinical manifestations. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2008;6(30):66-75. (In Russ.)
  35. Merz WM, Fischer-Betz R, Hellwig K, Lamprecht G, Gembruch U. Pregnancy and Autoimmune Disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2022;119(9):145-156.  https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0353
  36. Gédéon T, Akl E, D’Souza R, Altit G, Rowe H, Flannery A, Siriki P, Bhatia K, Thorne S, Malhamé I. Acute Myocardial Infarction in Pregnancy. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2022;47(11):101327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101327
  37. Ansheles AA, Badtieva VA, Balakhonova TV, Barbarash OL, Vasyuk YuA, Gambaryan MG, Gendlin GE, Golitsyn SP, Drapkina OM, Drozdova LYu, Yezhov MV, Ershova AI, Zhirov IV, Karpov YuA, Kobalava ZhD, Kontsevaya AV, Litvin AYu., Lukyanov MM, Martsevich SYu, Matskeplishvili ST, Metelskaya VA, Meshkov AN, Mishina IE, Panchenko EP, Popova AB, Sergienko IV, Smirnova MD, Smirnova MI, Sokolova OYu, Starodubova AV, Sukhareva OYu, Ternovoy SK, Tkacheva ON, Shalnova SA, Shestakova MV. Cardiovascular prevention 2022. Russian national guidelines. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2023.28(5): 119-249. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5452
  38. Glintborg D, Rubin KH, Nybo M, Abrahamsen B, Andersen M. Cardiovascular disease in a nationwide population of Danish women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):37.  https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmr001
  39. Lee JS, Lee YA, Shin CH, Suh DI, Lee YJ, Yon DK. Long-term health outcomes of early menarche in women: an umbrella review. QJM. 2022;115(12):837-847.  https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcac187
  40. Lidegaard Ø, Løkkegaard E, Jensen A, Skovlund CW, Keiding N. Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(24):2257-66.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1111840
  41. Kareva EN. Thrombosis and Gestagens. Doctor.Ru. 2019;7(162):57-64. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2019-162-7-57-64
  42. Ежов М.В., Кухарчук В.В., Сергиенко И.В., Алиева А.С., Анциферов М.Б., Аншелес А.А., Арабидзе Г.Г., Аронов Д.М., Арутюнов Г.П., Ахмеджанов Н.М., Балахонова Т.В., Барбараш О.Л., Бойцов С.А., Бубнова М.Г., Воевода М.И., Галстян Г.Р., Галявич А.С., Горнякова Н.Б., Гуревич В.С., Дедов И.И., Драпкина О.М., Дупляков Д.В., Ерегин С.Я., Ершова А.И., Иртюга О.Б., Карпов Р.С., Карпов Ю.А., Качковский М.А., Кобалава Ж.Д., Козиолова Н.А., Коновалов Г.А., Константинов В.О., Космачева Е.Д., Котовская Ю.В., Мартынов А.И., Мешков А.Н., Небиеридзе Д.В., Недогода С.В., Обрезан А.Г., Олейников В.Э., Покровский С.Н., Рагино Ю.И., Ротарь О.П., Скибицкий В.В., Смоленская О.Г., Соколов А.А., Сумароков А.Б., Ткачева О.Н., Филиппов А.Е., Халимов Ю.Ш., Чазова И.Е., Шапошник И.И., Шестакова М.В., Якушин С.С., Шляхто Е.В. Нарушения липидного обмена. Клинические рекомендации 2023. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2023.28(5):250-297. 
  43. Alieva AS, Antsiferov MB, Ansheles AA, Arabidze GG, Aronov DM, Arutyunov GP, Akhmedzhanov NM, Balakhonova TV, Barbarash OL, Boytsov SA, Bubnova MG, Voevoda MI, Galstyan GR, Galyavich AS, Gornyakova NB, Gurevich VS, Dedov II, Drapkina OM, Duplyakov DV, Eregin SYa, Ershova AI, Irtyuga OB, Karpov RS, Karpov YuA, Kachkovsky MA, Kobalava ZhD, Koziolova NA, Konovalov GA, Konstantinov VO, Kosmacheva ED, Kotovskaya YuV, Martynov AI, Meshkov AN, Nebieridze DV, Nedogoda SV, Obrezan AG, Oleinikov VE, Pokrovsky SN, Ragino YuI, Rotar OP, Skibitsky VV, Smolenskaya OG, Sokolov AA, Sumarokov AB, Tkacheva ON, Filippov AE, Halimov YuSh, Chazova IE, Shaposhnik II, Shestakova MV, Yakushin SS, Shlyakhto EV. Disorders of lipid metabolism. Clinical Guidelines 2023. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2023.28(5):250-297.  https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5471
  44. Minissian MB, Mehta PK, Hayes SN, Park K, Wei J, Bairey Merz CN, Cho L, Volgman AS, Elgendy IY, Mamas M, Davis MB, Reynolds HR, Epps K, Lindley K, Wood M, Quesada O, Piazza G, Pepine CJ. Ischemic Heart Disease in Young Women: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(10):1014-1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.057
  45. Bucholz EM, Strait KM, Dreyer RP, Lindau ST, D’Onofrio G, Geda M, Spatz ES, Beltrame JF, Lichtman JH, Lorenze NP, Bueno H, Krumholz HM. Editor’s Choice-Sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction: A VIRGO study analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2017;6(7):610-622.  https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872616661847
  46. Majidi M, Eslami V, Ghorbani P, Foroughi M. Are women more susceptible to ischemic heart disease compared to men? A literature overview. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2021;18(4):289-296.  https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.04.004
  47. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, D’Agostino RB. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. JAMA. 1987;258(9): 1183-1186.
  48. Kryczka KE, Kruk M, Demkow M, Lubiszewska B. Fibrinogen and a Triad of Thrombosis, Inflammation, and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Premature Coronary Artery Disease in Women: A New Insight into Sex-Related Differences in the Pathogenesis of the Disease. Biomolecules. 2021;11(7):1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11071036
Contact the author
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

Contact us
If you have any questions, complaints or suggestions, please use this feedback form.
Email
Message
The publishing house "Media Sphere" does not provide treatment services, does not give recommendations on contacting medical institutions and specific specialists, on the prescription of medicines and dietary supplements.
Submit Application

You can become an author of one of our magazines, send a request and we will consider it in during the day.

Name
Phone
E-mail
Message
Login
Registration
E-mail
Password
Forgot Password?

Log in to the site using your account in one of the services

Password recovery
E-mail
Login
Register

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.