The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Yaroshetsky A.I.

FGBOU VO «Russian national research medical University named after N.I. Pirogov» of Ministry of health of Russia, Moscow, Russia

Gritsan A.I.

Krasnoiarskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ meditsinskiĭ universitet im. prof. V.F. Voĭno-Iasenetskogo

Avdeev S.N.

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University under the Ministry of Health of the Russia, Moscow, Russia, 119991;
Pulmonology Research Institute under the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia, 115682

Vlasenko A.V.

Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia

Eremenko A.A.

Otdelenie kardioreanimatsii i intensivnoĭ terapii FGBU RNTsKh im. akad. B.V. Petrovskogo RAMN, Moskva

Zabolotskikh I.B.

FGBOU VO «Kuban State Medical University» Ministry of Health of Russia, Krasnodar, Russia

Zilber A.P.

Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk. Russia

Kirov M.Yu.

FSBEI HE NSMU MOH Russia

Lebedinskii K.M.

FGBOU VO «North-West State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov» Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia

Leyderman I.N.

Russian Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists, Russia

Mazurok V.A.

FGBU «Federal North-West medical research center named after V.A. Almazov» of Ministry of healthcare of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia

Nikolaenko E.M.

NCUS «Scientific clinical center of open joint stock company «Russian Railways», Moscow, Russia

Protsenko D.N.

GBUZ «City clinical hospital named after S.S. Yudin» of Moscow health department, Moscow, Russia;
FGBOU VO «Russian national research medical University named after N.I. Pirogov» of Ministry of health of Russia, Moscow, Russia

Solodov A.A.

A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia

Diagnostics and intensive therapy of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Clinical guidelines of the Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists of Russia)

Authors:

Yaroshetsky A.I., Gritsan A.I., Avdeev S.N., Vlasenko A.V., Eremenko A.A., Zabolotskikh I.B., Zilber A.P., Kirov M.Yu., Lebedinskii K.M., Leyderman I.N., Mazurok V.A., Nikolaenko E.M., Protsenko D.N., Solodov A.A.

More about the authors

Read: 91377 times


To cite this article:

Yaroshetsky AI, Gritsan AI, Avdeev SN, et al. Diagnostics and intensive therapy of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Clinical guidelines of the Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists of Russia). Russian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2020;(2):5‑39. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology20200215

Recommended articles:
High-flow nasal cannula therapy in patients with COPD. Journal of Respiratory Medi­cine. 2025;(2):17-38
Changes in diagnosis-related group payment model in the Russian Fede­ration in 2025. Medi­cal Technologies. Asse­ssment and Choice. 2025;(2):18-30
Approaches to the digi­tization of clinical guidelines. Medi­cal Technologies. Asse­ssment and Choice. 2025;(2):39-47
Unre­solved questions of recu­rrent implantation failure. Russian Journal of Human Reproduction. 2025;(3):42-47
Current trends in etiotropic therapy of urogenital and extragenital forms of N. gono­rrhoeae and C. trachomatis. Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Vene­reology. 2025;(5):684-691

References:

  1. Ware LB, Matthay MA. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med Massachusetts Medical Society. 2000;342(18):1334-1349.
  2. Hudson LD, Milberg JA, Anardi D, et al. Clinical risks for development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(2 I):293-301.
  3. Fowler AA, Hamman RF, Good JT, et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: Risk with common predispositions. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98(5):593-597.
  4. Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Reus DH, et al. Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Surg. 1982;144(1):124-130.
  5. Ostryi respiratornyi distress-sindrom. Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo. Pod red.: Gel'fand B.R., Kassil' V.L. M.: Litterra; 2007.
  6. Vlasenko A.V., Golubev A.M., Moroz V.N. i dr. Patogenez i differentsial'naya diagnostika ostrogo respiratornogo distress-sindroma, obuslovlennogo pryamymi i nepryamymi etiologicheskimi faktorami. Obshchaya reanimatologiya. 2011;VIII(3):5-13.
  7. Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Suter PM, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease: Different syndromes? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(1):3-11.
  8. Moss M, Guidot DM, Duhon GF, et al. Diabetic patients have a decreased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome [Internet]. Crit Care Med Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2000;2187-2192.
  9. Frank JA, Nuckton TJ, Matthay MA. Diabetes mellitus: A negative predictor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome from septic shock [Internet]. Crit Care Med Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2000;2645-2646.
  10. Moss M, Parsons PE, Steinberg KP, et al. Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and severity of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(3):869-877.
  11. Boyle AJ, Madotto F, Laffey JG, et al. Identifying associations between diabetes and acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: an analysis of the LUNG SAFE database. Crit Care BioMed Central Ltd. 2018;22(1).
  12. Gritsan A.I., Kolesnichenko A.P., Ishutin V.V. i dr. Opyt provedeniya respiratornoi podderzhki u beremennykh zhenshchin s virusno-bakterial'nymi pnevmoniyami, oslozhnennymi ORDS. Nauchnye tezisy XII s"ezda Federatsii anesteziologov i reanimatologov. Moskva, 19—22 sentyabrya 2010 g. M. 2010.
  13. Michard F, Fernandez-Mondejar E, Kirov MY, et al. A new and simple definition for acute lung injury [Internet]. Crit Care Med. 2012;1004-1006.
  14. Malbrain MLNG, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, et al. Incidence and prognosis of intraabdominal hypertension in a mixed population of critically ill patients: a multiple-center epidemiological study. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(2):315-322.
  15. Mutoh T, Lamm WJ, Embree LJ, et al. Volume infusion produces abdominal distension, lung compression, and chest wall stiffening in pigs. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72(2):575-582.
  16. Malbrain MLNGNG, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, et al. Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: A multicentre epidemiological study. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(5):822-829.
  17. Gaigol'nik D.V., Belyaev K.Yu., Gritsan E.A. i dr. Biomekhanika i gazoobmen v protsesse respiratornoi podderzhki u patsientov s nekroticheskim pankreatitom v zavisimosti ot iskhodov lecheniya. Vestnik intensivnoi terapii. 2019;1:65-77.Gaigol'nik D.V., Belyaev K.Yu., Gritsan E.A. i dr. Biomekhanika i gazoobmen v protsesse respiratornoi podderzhki u patsientov s nekroticheskim pankreatitom v zavisimosti ot iskhodov lecheniya. Vestnik intensivnoi terapii. 2019;1:65-77.
  18. Behazin N, Jones SB, Cohen RI, et al. Respiratory restriction and elevated pleural and esophageal pressures in morbid obesity. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(1):212-218.
  19. Yaroshetskii A.I., Protsenko D.N., Rezepov N.A. i dr. Nastroika polozhitel'nogo davleniya kontsa vydokha pri parenkhimatoznoi ODN: Staticheskaya petlya «davlenie-ob"em» ili transpul'monal'noe davlenie? Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya. 2014;4:53-59.
  20. Fumagalli J, Santiago RRS, Teggia Droghi M, et al. Lung Recruitment in Obese Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Anesthesiology Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2019;130(5):791-803.
  21. Garber BG, Hébert PC, Yelle JD, et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: a systemic overview of incidence and risk factors. Crit Care Med. 1996;24(4):687-695.
  22. Luhr OR, Antonsen K, Karlsson M, et al. Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. American Lung Association. 1999;159(6):1849-1861.
  23. Roupie E, Lepage E, Wysocki M, et al. Prevalence, etiologies and outcome of the acute respiratory distress syndrome among hypoxemic ventilated patients. SRLF Collaborative Group on Mechanical Ventilation. Société de Réanimation de Langue Française. Intensive Care Med. 1999;25(9):920-929.
  24. Gattinoni L, Haren F, Van, Larsson A, et al. Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries. Jama. 2016;315(8):788.
  25. Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Peabody E, et al. Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Lung Injury. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(16):1685-1693.
  26. Madotto F, Pham T, Bellani G, et al. Resolved versus confirmed ARDS after 24 h: insights from the LUNG SAFE study. Intensive Care Med Springer. 2018;44(5):564-577.
  27. Kassil' V.L., Vyzhigina M.A., Leskin G.S. Iskusstvennaya i vspomogatel'naya ventilyatsiya legkikh. SPb.: Meditsina; 2004.
  28. Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The Berlin definition. JAMA — J Am Med Assoc. 2012;307(23):2526-2533.
  29. Fein AM, Lippmann M, Holtzman H, et al. The risk factors, incidence, and prognosis of ARDS following septicemia. Chest. 1983;83(1):40-42.
  30. Iscimen R, Cartin-Ceba R, Yilmaz M, et al. Risk factors for the development of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock: An observational cohort study. Crit Care Med Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2008;36(5):1518-1522.
  31. Sheu CC, Gong MN, Zhai R, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of sepsis-related vs non-sepsis-related ARDS. Chest American College of Chest Physicians. 2010;138(3):559-567.
  32. Cortegiani A, Madotto F, Gregoretti C, et al. Immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE database. Crit Care BioMed Central Ltd. 2018;22(1):157.
  33. Murphy CV, Schramm GE, Doherty JA,et al. The importance of fluid management in acute lung injury secondary to septic shock. Chest American College of Chest Physicians. 2009;136(1):102-109.
  34. Gajic O, Dara SI, Mendez JL, et al. Ventilator-associated lung injury in patients without acute lung injury at the onset of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(9):1817-1824.
  35. Esteban A, Fernández-Segoviano P, Frutos-Vivar F, et al. Comparison of clinical criteria for the acute respiratory distress syndrome with autopsy findings. Ann Intern Med American College of Physicians. 2004;141(6):440-445.
  36. Ferguson ND, Frutos-Vivar F, Esteban A, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: underrecognition by clinicians and diagnostic accuracy of three clinical definitions. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(10):2228-2234.
  37. Yaroshetskii A.I., Protsenko D.N., Larin E.S. i dr. Rol' otsenki staticheskoi petli «davlenie-ob"em» v differentsial'noi diagnostike i optimizatsii parametrov respiratornoi podderzhki pri parenkhimatoznoi dykhatel'noi nedostatochnosti. Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya. 2014;(2):21-26.
  38. Dreyfuss D, Saumon G. Ventilator-induced lung injury: Lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(1):294-323.
  39. Webb HH, Tierney DF. Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures. Protection by positive end expiratory pressure. AMERREVRESPDIS. 1974;110(5):556-565.
  40. Dreyfuss D, Soler P, Basset G, et al. High inflation pressure pulmonary edema. Respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;137(5):1159-1164.
  41. Caironi P, Cressoni M, Chiumello D, et al. Lung Opening and Closing during Ventilation of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(6):578-586.
  42. D’Alonzo GE, Dantzker DR. Respiratory failure, mechanisms of abnormal gas exchange, and oxygen delivery. Med Clin North Am. 1983;67(3):557-571.
  43. Ganapathy A, Adhikari NKJ, Spiegelman J, et al. Routine chest x-rays in intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16(2):68.
  44. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Pelosi P, et al. What has computed tomography taught us about the acute respiratory distress syndrome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(9):1701-1711.
  45. Malbouisson LM, Muller JC, Constantin JM, et al. Computed tomography assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced alveolar recruitment in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(6):1444-1450.
  46. Papazian L, Calfee CS, Chiumello D, et al. Diagnostic workup for ARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 2016.
  47. Gattinoni L, Tonetti T, Quintel M. Regional physiology of ARDS. Crit Care. 2017.
  48. Gattinoni L, Pesenti A. The concept of «baby lung». Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(6):776-784.
  49. Brunet F, Jeanbourquin D, Monchi M, et al. Should mechanical ventilation be optimized to blood gases, lung mechanics, or thoracic CT scan? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(2):524-530.
  50. Chiumello D, Marino A, Brioni M, et al. Lung Recruitment Assessed by Respiratory Mechanics and by CT Scan: What is the Relationship? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;1-67.
  51. Goodman LR, Fumagalli R, Tagliabue P, et al. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Causes: CT, Clinical, and Functional Correlations1. Radiology. 1999;213(2):545-552.
  52. Bellani G, Mauri T, Pesenti A. Imaging in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012;18(1):29-34.
  53. Kuzovlev A.N., Moroz V.V., Golubev A.M. Diagnostika ostrogo respiratornogo distress-sindroma pri nozokomial'noi pnevmonii. Obshchaya reanimatologiya. 2009;6:5-12.
  54. Cressoni M, Cadringher P, Chiurazzi C, et al. Lung Inhomogeneity in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;189(2).
  55. Henne E, Anderson JC, Lowe N, et al. Comparison of human lung tissue mass measurements from ex vivo lungs and high resolution CT software analysis. BMC Pulm Med BioMed Central. 2012;12:18.
  56. Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of medical physiology. 13th ed. Elsevier. 2015.
  57. Barcroft J, Camis M. The dissociation curve of blood. J Physiol Wiley-Blackwell. 1909;39(2):118-142.
  58. Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, et al. Comparison of the SpO2/FIO2 ratio and the PaO 2/FIO2 ratio in patients with acute lung injury or ARDS. Chest American College of Chest Physicians. 2007;132(2):410-417.
  59. Ashbaugh D, Boyd Bigelow D, Petty T, et al. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet Elsevier. 1967;290(7511):319-323.
  60. Murray JF, Matthay MA, Luce JM, et al. An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138(3):720-723.
  61. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med American Thoracic Society. 1994;818-824.
  62. Thille AW, Esteban A, Fernández-Segoviano P, et al. Comparison of the berlin definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome with autopsy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(7):761-767.
  63. Guerin C, Bayle F, Leray V, et al. Open lung biopsy in nonresolving ARDS frequently identifies diffuse alveolar damage regardless of the severity stage and may have implications for patient management. Intensive Care Med Springer Verlag. 2015;41(2):222-230.
  64. Ferguson ND, Davis AM, Slutsky AS, et al. Development of a clinical definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome using the Delphi technique. J Crit Care. 2005;20(2):147-154.
  65. Pelosi P, D’Onofrio D, Chiumello D, et al. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome are different. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003;42:48-56.
  66. Amato MBP, Meade MO, Slutsky AS, et al. Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med Massachusetts Medical Society. 2015;372(8):747-755.
  67. Moss M, Goodman PL, Heinig M, et al. Establishing the relative accuracy of three new definitions of the adult respiratory distress syndrome [Internet]. Crit Care Med. 1995;1629-1637.
  68. Gattinoni L, Carlesso E, Cressoni M. Selecting the ‘right’ positive end-expiratory pressure level. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015;21(1):50-57.
  69. Chiumello D, Cressoni M, Carlesso E, et al. Bedside selection of positive end-expiratory pressure in mild, moderate, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(2):252-264.
  70. Kuzkov VV, Kirov MY, Sovershaev MA,et al. Extravascular lung water determined with single transpulmonary thermodilution correlates with the severity of sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(6):1647-1653.
  71. Kuz'kov V.V., Smetkin A.A., Suborov E.V. i dr. Vnesosudistaya voda legkikh i rekrutment al'veol u patsientov s ostrym respiratornym distress-sindromom. Vestnik anesteziologii i reanimatologii. 2012;9(2):15-21.
  72. Blankman P, Shono A, Hermans BJM, et al. Detection of optimal PEEP for equal distribution of tidal volume by volumetric capnography and electrical impedance tomography during decreasing levels of PEEP in post cardiac-surgery patients. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116(6).
  73. Talmor D, Sarge T, O’Donnell CR, et al. Esophageal and transpulmonary pressures in acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(5):1389-1394.
  74. Vieira SRR, Puybasset L, Lu Q, et al. A scanographic assessment of pulmonary morphology in acute lung injury: Significance of the lower inflection point detected on the lung pressure-volume curve. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(5 I):1612-1623.
  75. Loring SH, O’Donnell CR, Behazin N, et al. Esophageal pressures in acute lung injury: do they represent artifact or useful information about transpulmonary pressure, chest wall mechanics, and lung stress? J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(3):515-522.
  76. Silva PL, Pelosi P, Rocco PRM. Optimal mechanical ventilation strategies to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury in non-injured and injured lungs. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016;10(12):1-3.
  77. West JB, Luks A. West’s respiratory physiology: the essentials. 10th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2016.
  78. Gulati G, Novero A, Loring SH, et al. Pleural pressure and optimal positive end-expiratory pressure based on esophageal pressure versus chest wall elastance: incompatible results*. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(8):1951-1957.
  79. Gattinoni L, Vagginelli F, Chiumello D, et al. Physiologic rationale for ventilator setting in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(4 suppl):300-304.
  80. Beitler JR, Sarge T, Banner-Goodspeed VM, et al. Effect of Titrating Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) with an Esophageal Pressure-Guided Strategy vs an Empirical High PEEP-F io 2 Strategy on Death and Days Free from Mechanical Ventilation among Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA — J Am Med Assoc. American Medical Association. 2019;846-857.
  81. Yaroshetskii A.I., Protsenko D.N., Boitsov P.V. i dr. Optimal'noe polozhitel'noe konechno-ekspiratornoe davlenie pri ORDS u bol'nykh grippom a(H1N1)pdm09: balans mezhdu maksimumom konechno-ekspiratornogo ob"ema i minimumom pererazduvaniya al'veol. Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya. 2016;61(6):425-432.
  82. Thille AW, Richard J-CM, Maggiore SM, et al. Alveolar Recruitment in Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress SyndromeComparison Using Pressure-Volume Curve or Static Compliance. J Am Soc Anesthesiol. The American Society of Anesthesiologists. 2007;106(2):212-217.
  83. Yaroshetskii A.I. Respiratornaya podderzhka pri gipoksemicheskoi ostroi dykhatel'noi nedostatochnosti: strategiya i taktika na osnove otsenki biomekhaniki dykhaniya: Dis. ... d-ra med. nauk. M. 2019.
  84. Kuz'kov V.V., Kirov M.Yu., Verkhaug K. i dr. Otsenka sovremennykh metodov izmereniya vnesosudistoi vody legkikh i aeratsii pri negomogennom povrezhdenii legkikh (eksperimental'noe issledovanie). Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya. 2007;3:42-45.
  85. Zhang JC, Chu YF, Zeng J, et al. Effect of continuous high-volume hemofiltration in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Chinese Crit Care Med. 2013;25(3):145-148.
  86. Bein T, Grasso S, Moerer O, et al. The standard of care of patients with ARDS: ventilatory settings and rescue therapies for refractory hypoxemia. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(5):699-711.
  87. Xie J, Yang J. Effect of continuous high-volume hemofiltration on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2009;21(7):402-404.
  88. Pelosi P, Croci M, Ravagnan I, et al. The effects of body mass on lung volumes, respiratory mechanics, and gas exchange during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1998;87(3):654-660.
  89. Pelosi P, Quintel M, Malbrain MLNG. Effect of intra-abdominal pressure on respiratory mechanics. Acta Clin Belg. 2007;62(suppl 1):78-88.
  90. Vlasenko A.V., Golubev A.M., Moroz V.V. i dr. Differentsirovannoe lechenie ostrogo respiratornogo distress-sindroma. Obshchaya reanimatologiya. 2011;VII(4):5-14.
  91. Protti A, Andreis DT, Iapichino GE, et al. Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med BioMed Central. 2000;342(18):1301-1308.
  92. Frat J-P, Thille AW, Mercat A, et al. High-Flow Oxygen through Nasal Cannula in Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med. Massachusetts Medical Society. 2015;372(23):2185-2196.
  93. Stéphan F, Barrucand B, Petit P, et al. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen vs Noninvasive Positive Airway Pressure in Hypoxemic Patients After Cardiothoracic Surgery. JAMA. 2015;313(23):2331-2339.
  94. Combes A, Hajage D, Capellier G, et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med Massachussetts Medical Society. 2018;378(21):1965-1975.
  95. Michael JR, Barton RG, Saffle JR, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide versus conventional therapy: Effect on oxygenation in ARDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(5 PART I):1372-1380.
  96. Gerlach M, Keh D, Gerlach H. Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care. 1999;184-192.
  97. Lundin S, Mang H, Smithies M, et al. Inhalation of nitric oxide in acute lung injury: Results of a European multicentre study. Intensive Care Med. 1999;25(9):911-919.
  98. Kallet RH. Evidence-based management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care. 2004;49(7):793-809.
  99. Vieillard-Baron A, Matthay M, Teboul JL, et al. Expert’s opinion on management of hemodynamics in ARDS patients: focus on the effects of mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(5):739-749.
  100. Chen X, Ye J, Zhu Z, et al. Evaluation of high volume hemofiltration according to pulse-indicated continuous cardiac output on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology Information. 2014;26(9):650-654.
  101. Beitler JR, Malhotra A, Thompson BT. Ventilator-induced Lung Injury. Clin Chest Med. 2016;37(4):633-646.
  102. Meade MO, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, et al. Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(6):637-645.
  103. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, et al. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2016;40(2):159-211.
  104. Singer P, Reintam Blaser A, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:48-79.
  105. Kangelaris KN, Ware LB, Wang CY, et al. Timing of intubation and clinical outcomes in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2016;44(1):120-129.
  106. Antonelli M, Conti G, Esquinas A, et al. A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of noninvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for acute respiratory distress syndrome*. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(1):18-25.
  107. Demoule A, Girou E, Richard J-C, et al. Benefits and risks of success or failure of noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(11):1756-1765.
  108. Parsons PE, Eisner MD, Thompson BT, et al. Lower tidal volume ventilation and plasma cytokine markers of inflammation in patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(1):1-6; discussion 230-232.
  109. McMullen SM, Meade M, Rose L, et al. Partial ventilatory support modalities in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome-A systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):40190.
  110. Brower RG, Lanken PN, MacIntyre N, et al. Higher versus Lower Positive End-Expiratory Pressures in Patients with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. Massachusetts Medical Society. 2004;351(4):327-336.
  111. Slutsky AS. Mechanical ventilation. American College of Chest Physicians’ Consensus Conference. Chest. 1993;1833-1859.
  112. Peters SG, Holets SR, Gay PC. Nasal High Flow Oxygen Therapy in Do-Not-Intubate Patients With Hypoxemic Respiratory Distress. Respir Care. 2012;58(4):597-600.
  113. Vargas F, Saint-Leger M, Boyer A, et al. Physiologic effects of high-flow nasal Cannula oxygen in critical care subjects. Respir Care. American Association for Respiratory Care. 2015;60(10):1369-1376.
  114. Miguel-Montanes R, Hajage D, Messika J, et al. Use of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy to Prevent Desaturation During Tracheal Intubation of Intensive Care Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Hypoxemia*. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(3):574-583.
  115. Simon M, Wachs C, Braune S, et al. High-flow nasal cannula versus bag-valve-mask for preoxygenation before intubation in subjects with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Respir Care. American Association for Respiratory Care. 2016;61(9):1160-1167.
  116. Aggarwal NR, Brower RG, Hager DN, et al. Oxygen Exposure Resulting in Arterial Oxygen Tensions Above the Protocol Goal Was Associated With Worse Clinical Outcomes in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med. NLM (Medline). 2018;46(4):517-524.
  117. Hofmann R, James SK, Jernberg T, et al. Oxygen therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. Massachussetts Medical Society. 2017;377(13):1240-1249.
  118. Damiani E, Adrario E, Girardis M, et al. Arterial hyperoxia and mortality in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. BioMed Central Ltd. 2014;18(6):711.
  119. Roffe C, Nevatte T, Sim J, et al. Effect of routine low-dose oxygen supplementation on death and disability in adults with acute stroke: The stroke oxygen study randomized clinical trial. JAMA — J Am Med Assoc. American Medical Association. 2017;318(12):1125-1135.
  120. Elmer J, Scutella M, Pullalarevu R, et al. The association between hyperoxia and patient outcomes after cardiac arrest: analysis of a high-resolution database. Intensive Care Med. Springer Verlag. 2015;41(1):49-57.
  121. Page D, Ablordeppey E, Wessman BT, et al. Emergency department hyperoxia is associated with increased mortality in mechanically ventilated patients: A cohort study. Crit Care. BioMed Central Ltd. 2018;22(1):9.
  122. Pollack CV, Diercks DB, Roe MT, et al. 2004 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Implications for emergency department practice. Ann Emerg Med. Mosby Inc. 2005;45(4):363-376.
  123. Arntz HR, Bossaert L, Filippatos GS. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2005: Section 5. Initial management of acute coronary syndromes. Resuscitation. 2005;87-96.
  124. Tolias CM, Reinert M, Seiler R, et al. Normobaric hyperoxia-induced improvement in cerebral metabolism and reduction in intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury: A prospective historical cohort-matched study [Internet]. J. Neurosurg. American Association of Neurological Surgeons. 2004;435-444.
  125. Menzel M, Doppenberg EMR, Zauner A, et al. Cerebral oxygenation in patients after severe head injury: Monitoring and effects of arterial hyperoxia on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1999;11(4):240-251.
  126. Rockswold SB, Rockswold GL, Zaun DA, et al. A prospective, randomized Phase II clinical trial to evaluate the effect of combined hyperbaric and normobaric hyperoxia on cerebral metabolism, intracranial pressure, oxygen toxicity, and clinical outcome in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(6):1317-1328.
  127. Taher A, Pilehvari Z, Poorolajal J, et al. Effects of normobaric hyperoxia in traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Trauma Mon. Kowsar Medical Publishing Company. 2016;21(1).
  128. Quintard H, Patet C, Suys T, et al. Normobaric Hyperoxia is Associated with Increased Cerebral Excitotoxicity After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care. Humana Press Inc. 2015;22(2):243-250.
  129. Timofeev I, Carpenter KLH, Nortje J, et al. Cerebral extracellular chemistry and outcome following traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study of 223 patients. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 2):484-494.
  130. Barrot L, Asfar P, Mauny F, et al. Liberal or Conservative Oxygen Therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(11):999.
  131. Nin N, Muriel A, Peñuelas O, et al. Severe hypercapnia and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. Springer Verlag. 2017;43(2):200-208.
  132. Tiruvoipati R, Pilcher D, Buscher H, et al. Effects of Hypercapnia and Hypercapnic Acidosis on Hospital Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. Crit Care Med. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2017;45(7):649-656.
  133. Mekontso Dessap A, Boissier F, Charron C, et al. Acute cor pulmonale during protective ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: prevalence, predictors, and clinical impact. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(5):862-870.
  134. Schnader JY, Juan G, Howell JS. Arterial CO2 partial pressure affects diaphragmatic function. J Appl Physiol. 1985;58(3):823-829.
  135. Mador MJ, Wendel T, Kufel TJ. Effect of acute hypercapnia on diaphragmatic and limb muscle contractility. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. American Thoracic Society. 1997;155(5):1590-1595.
  136. Rafferty GF, Harris M Lou, Polkey MI, et al. Effect of hypercapnia on maximal voluntary ventilation and diaphragm fatigue in normal humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. American Lung Association. 1999;160(5 I):1567-1571.
  137. Juan G, Calverley P, Talamo C, et al. Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Diaphragmatic Function in Human Beings. N Engl J Med. 1984;310(14):874-879.
  138. Briva A, Vadász I, Lecuona E, et al. High CO2 levels impair alveolar epithelial function independently of pH. PLoS One. 2007;2(11):1238.
  139. Doerr CH, Gajic O, Berrios JC, et al. Hypercapnic acidosis impairs plasma membrane wound reseating in ventilator-injured lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. American Thoracic Society. 2005;171(12):1371-1377.
  140. Chiu S, Kanter J, Sun H, et al. Effects of Hypercapnia in Lung Tissue Repair and Transplant. Curr Transplant Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 2015;2(1):98-103.
  141. Dixon DL, Barr HA, Bersten AD, et al. Intracellular storage of surfactant and proinflammatory cytokines in co-cultured alveolar epithelium and macrophages in response to increasing CO2 and cyclic cell stretch. Exp Lung Res. 2008;34(1):37-47.
  142. Tobin MJ, editor. Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation [Internet]. 3rd ed. Chicago, Illinois: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2013.
  143. Chatburn RL, editor. Fundamentals of Mechanical Ventilation: A Short Course on the Theory and Application of Mechanical Ventilators. 1st ed. Cleveland Ohio: Mandu Press Ltd.; 2003.
  144. Grippi M.A. Patofiziologiya legkikh. M.: Binom; 2001.
  145. Putensen C, Mutz NJ, Putensen-Himmer G, et al. Spontaneous breathing during ventilatory support improves ventilation-perfusion distributions in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(4 Pt 1):1241-1248.
  146. Putensen C, Muders T, Varelmann D, et al. The impact of spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation. Curr Opin Crit Care. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2006;12(1):13-18.
  147. Jung B, Nougaret S, Conseil M, et al. Sepsis is associated with a preferential diaphragmatic atrophy: A critically ill patient study using tridimensional computed tomography. Anesthesiology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2014;120(5):1182-1191.
  148. Demoule A, Jung B, Prodanovic H, et al. Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit: Prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact — A prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(2):213-219.
  149. Jaber S, Petrof BJ, Jung B, et al. Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(3):364-371.
  150. Hudson MB, Smuder AJ, Nelson WB, et al. Both high level pressure support ventilation and controlled mechanical ventilation induce diaphragm dysfunction and atrophy. Crit Care Med. NIH Public Access. 2012;40(4):1254-1260.
  151. Beitler JR, Sands SA, Loring SH, et al. Quantifying unintended exposure to high tidal volumes from breath stacking dyssynchrony in ARDS: the BREATHE criteria. Intensive Care Med. Springer Verlag. 2016;42(9):1427-1436.
  152. Pohlman MC, McCallister KE, Schweickert WD, et al. Excessive tidal volume from breath stacking during lung-protective ventilation for acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2008;36(11):3019-3023.
  153. Thille AW, Rodriguez P, Cabello B, et al. Patient-ventilator asynchrony during assisted mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(10):1515-1522.
  154. Yoshida T, Uchiyama A, Matsuura N, et al. The comparison of spontaneous breathing and muscle paralysis in two different severities of experimental lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(2):536-545.
  155. Yoshida T, Uchiyama A, Matsuura N, et al. Spontaneous breathing during lung-protective ventilation in an experimental acute lung injury model: High transpulmonary pressure associated with strong spontaneous breathing effort may worsen lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(5):1578-1585.
  156. Xirouchaki N, Kondili E, Vaporidi K, et al. Proportional assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors in critically ill patients: Comparison with pressure support. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(11):2026-2034.
  157. Kondili E, Prinianakis G, Alexopoulou C, et al. Respiratory load compensation during mechanical ventilation — Proportional assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors versus pressure support. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(5):692-699.
  158. Gritsan A.I., Ekimenko L.N., Stekina A.V. i dr. Sluchai uspeshnogo primeneniya neinvazivnoi ventilyatsii u bol'nogo s tyazheloi vnebol'nichnoi dvustoronnei pnevmoniei i ostrym povrezhdeniem legkikh. Nauchnye tezisy XII s"ezda Federatsii anesteziologov i reanimatologov, Moskva, 19—22 sentyabrya 2010 g. s.122-123.
  159. Lellouche F, Dionne S, Simard S, et al. High tidal volumes in mechanically ventilated patients increase organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(5):1072-1082.
  160. Serpa Neto A, Cardoso SO, Manetta JA, et al. Association Between Use of Lung-Protective Ventilation With Lower Tidal Volumes and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients Without Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA. 2012;308(16):1651.
  161. MacIntyre NR. Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: A collective task force facilitated by the American college of chest physicians; the American association for respiratory care; and the American college of critical medicine. Chest. 2001.
  162. Kacmarek RM, Kirmse M, Nishimura M, et al. The effects of applied vs auto-PEEP on local lung unit pressure and volume in a four-unit lung model. Chest. American College of Chest Physicians. 1995;108(4):1073-1079.
  163. Froese AB, Bryan AC. Effects of anesthesia and paralysis on diaphragmatic mechanics in man. Anesthesiology. 1974;41(3):242-255.
  164. van Haren F, Pham T, Brochard L, et al. Spontaneous Breathing in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Insights From the Large Observational Study to UNderstand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory FailurE Study. Crit Care Med. NLM (Medline). 2019;47(2):229-238.
  165. Thille AW, Cabello B, Galia F, et al. Reduction of patient-ventilator asynchrony by reducing tidal volume during pressure-support ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(8):1477-1486.
  166. Prinianakis G, Kondili E, Georgopoulos D. Effects of the flow waveform method of triggering and cycling on patient-ventilator interaction during pressure support. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(11):1950-1959.
  167. Leung P, Jubran A, Tobin MJ. Comparison of assisted ventilator modes on triggering, patient effort, and dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. American Thoracic Society. 1997;155(6):1940-1948.
  168. Thille AW, Lyazidi A, Richard JCM, et al. A bench study of intensive-care-unit ventilators: New versus old and turbine-based versus compressed gas-based ventilators. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(8):1368-1376.
  169. Sassoon CSH. Triggering of the ventilator in patient-ventilator interactions. Respir Care. 2011;56(1):39-48.
  170. Papazian L, Forel J-M, Gacouin A, et al. Neuromuscular Blockers in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(12):1107-1116.
  171. Gainnier M, Roch A, Forel JM, et al. Effect of neuromuscular blocking agents on gas exchange in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2004;32(1):113-119.
  172. Forel JM, Roch A, Marin V, et al. Neuromuscular blocking agents decrease inflammatory response in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(11):2749-2757.
  173. Yoshida T, Uchiyama A, Matsuura N, et al. Spontaneous breathing during lung-protective ventilation in an experimental acute lung injury model. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(5):1578-1585.
  174. Caramez MP, Kacmarek RM, Helmy M, et al. A comparison of methods to identify open-lung PEEP. Intensive Care Med. NIH Public Access. 2009;35(4):740-747.
  175. Suzumura EA, Amato MBP, Cavalcanti AB. Understanding recruitment maneuvers. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(5):908-911.
  176. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Cressoni M, et al. Lung Recruitment in Patients with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(17):1775-1786.
  177. Mercat A, Richard J-CC, Vielle B, et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(6):646-655.
  178. Talmor D, Sarge T, Malhotra A, et al. Mechanical Ventilation Guided by Esophageal Pressure in Acute Lung Injury. N Engl J Med. Massachusetts Medical Society. 2008;359(20):2095-2104.
  179. Cavalcanti AB, Suzumura ÉA, Laranjeira LN, et al. Effect of Lung Recruitment and Titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs Low PEEP on Mortality in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA. 2017;318(14):1335.
  180. Oba Y, Thameem DM, Zaza T. High levels of PEEP may improve survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2009;103(8):1174-1181.
  181. Phoenix SI, Paravastu S, Columb M, et al. Does a Higher Positive End Expiratory Pressure Decrease Mortality in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? Anesthesiology. 2009;110(5):1098-1105.
  182. Briel M, Meade M, Mercat A, et al. Higher vs Lower Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Patients With Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA. American Medical Association. 2010;303(9):865.
  183. Guo L, Xie J, Huang Y, et al. Higher PEEP improves outcomes in ARDS patients with clinically objective positive oxygenation response to PEEP: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. BioMed Central Ltd. 2018;18(1):172.
  184. Khrapov K.N. Respiratornaya podderzhka pri tyazheloi pnevmonii: Dis. ... d-ra med. nauk. SPb. 2011.
  185. Vlasenko A.V., Moroz V.V., Yakovlev V.N. i dr. Vybor sposoba optimizatsii PDKV u bol'nykh s ostrym respiratornym distress-sindromom. Obshchaya reanimatologiya. FSBI SRIGR RAMS. 2012;VIII(1):13-21.
  186. Borges JB, Okamoto VN, Matos GFJ, et al. Reversibility of lung collapse and hypoxemia in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(3):268-278.
  187. Bouhemad B, Brisson H, Le-Guen M, et al. Bedside Ultrasound Assessment of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure — induced Lung Recruitment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(3):341-347.
  188. Tusman G, Acosta CM, Costantini M. Ultrasonography for the assessment of lung recruitment maneuvers. Crit Ultrasound J. 2016;8(1):8.
  189. Nikolaenko E.M. Upravlenie funktsiei legkikh v rannii period posle protezirovaniya klapanov serdtsa: Dis. ... d-ra med. nauk. M. 1989.
  190. Zabolotskikh I.B., Lebedinskii K.M., Anisimov M.A. i dr. Perioperatsionnoe vedenie bol'nykh s soputstvuyushchim morbidnym ozhireniem (vtoroi peresmotr). Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Tol'yattinskii meditsinskii konsilium. 2016;5-6:38-56.
  191. Chiumello D, Cressoni M, Colombo A, et al. The assessment of transpulmonary pressure in mechanically ventilated ARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(11):1670-1678.
  192. Gattinoni L, Bombino M, Pelosi P, et al. Lung structure and function in different stages of severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 1994;271(22):1772-1779.
  193. Musch G, Bellani G, Vidal Melo MF, et al. Relation between shunt, aeration, and perfusion in experimental acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(3):292-300.
  194. Zairat'yants O.V., Chernyaev A.L., Chuchalin A.G. Patomorfologiya legkikh pri tyazheloi forme grippa A(H1N1). Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya. 2010;3:25-29.
  195. Reske AW, Reske AP, Gast HA, et al. Extrapolation from ten sections can make CT-based quantification of lung aeration more practicable. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(11):1836-1844.
  196. Jonson B, Richard J, Straus C, et al. Pressure-volume curves and compliance in acute lung injury: evidence of recruitment above the lower inflection point. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(4):1172-1178.
  197. Dellamonica J, Lerolle N, Sargentini C, et al. PEEP-induced changes in lung volume in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Two methods to estimate alveolar recruitment. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(10):1595-1604.
  198. Ruchina E.V., Sharnin A.V., Lebedinskii K.M. i dr. Otsenka funktsional'noi ostatochnoi emkosti legkikh i pokazatelya potrebleniya kisloroda vo vremya nastroiki urovnya PDKV. Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya. 2013;3:51-54.
  199. Smetkin AA, Kuzkov VV, Suborov EV, et al. Increased Extravascular Lung Water Reduces the Efficacy of Alveolar Recruitment Maneuver in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Res Pract. 2012;606528.
  200. Vlasenko A.V., Ostapchenko D.A., Shestakov D.A. i dr. Effektivnost' primeneniya manevra «otkrytiya legkikh» v usloviyakh IVL u bol'nykh s ostrym respiratornym distress-sindromom. Obshchaya reanimatologiya. 2006;2(4):59.
  201. Ranieri VM, Giuliani R, Fiore T, et al. Volume-Pressure Curve of the Respiratory System Predicts Effects of PEEP in ARDS: «Occlusion» versus «Constant Flow» Technique. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(1):19-27.
  202. Chiumello D, Gattinoni L. Stress index in presence of pleural effusion: Does it have any meaning? Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(4):561-563.
  203. Adams AB, Cakar N, Marini JJ. Static and dynamic pressure-volume curves reflect different aspects of respiratory system mechanics in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care. 2001;46(7):686-693.
  204. Kárason S, Søndergaard S, Lundin S, et al. A new method for non-invasive, manoeuvre-free determination of «static» pressure-volume curves during dynamic/therapeutic mechanical ventilation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000;44:578-585.
  205. Kárason S, Søndergaard S, Lundin S, et al. Continuous on-line measurements of respiratory system, lung and chest wall mechanics during mechanic ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(8):1328-1339.
  206. Frerichs I, Amato MBP, Van Kaam AH, et al. Chest electrical impedance tomography examination, data analysis, terminology, clinical use and recommendations: Consensus statement of the TRanslational EIT developmeNt stuDy group. Thorax. 2017.
  207. Gattinoni L, Mascheroni D, Torresin A, et al. Morphological response to positive end expiratory pressure in acute respiratory failure. Computerized tomography study. Intensive Care Med. 1986;12(3):137-142.
  208. Kunst PW, Vazquez de Anda G, Bohm SH, et al. Monitoring of recruitment and derecruitment by electrical impedance tomography in a model of acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(12):3891-3895.
  209. Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Avalli L, et al. Pressure-Volume Curve of Total Respiratory System in Acute Respiratory Failure: Computed Tomographic Scan Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136(3):730-736.
  210. Hickling KG. Best compliance during a decremental, but not incremental, positive end-expiratory pressure trial is related to open-lung positive end-expiratory pressure: A mathematical model of acute respiratory distress syndrome lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(1):69-78.
  211. Jonson B, Svantesson C. Elastic pressure-volume curves: what information do they convey? Thorax. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society. 1999;54(1):82-87.
  212. Mehta A, Bhagat R. Preventing Ventilator-Associated Infections. Clin Chest Med. 2016;37(4):683-692.
  213. Vassilakopoulos T. Understanding wasted/ineffective efforts in mechanically ventilated COPD patients using the Campbell diagram. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(7):1336-1339.
  214. Carney DE, Bredenberg CE, Schiller HJ, Picone AL MU, Gatto LA, et al. The Mechanism of Lung Volume Change during Mechanical Ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. American Thoracic Society. New York, NY; 1999;160(5):1697-1702.
  215. Schiller HJ, Steinberg J, Halter J, et al. Alveolar inflation during generation of a quasi-static pressure/volume curve in the acutely injured lung. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(4):1126-1133.
  216. Olegård C, Söndergaard S, Houltz E, et al. Estimation of functional residual capacity at the bedside using standard monitoring equipment: A modified nitrogen washout/washin technique requiring a small change of the inspired oxygen fraction. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(1):206-212.
  217. Chiumello D, Cressoni M, Chierichetti M, et al. Nitrogen washout/washin, helium dilution and computed tomography in the assessment of end expiratory lung volume. Crit Care. 2008;12(6):150.
  218. Dreyfuss D, Hubmayr R. What the concept of VILI has taught us about ARDS management. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(5):811-813.
  219. Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Cadringher P, et al. Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(4):346-355.
  220. Chiumello D, Colombo A, Algieri I, et al. Effect of body mass index in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Asai T., editor. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116(1):113-121.
  221. Cortes-Puentes GA, Gard KE, Adams AB, et al. Value and Limitations of Transpulmonary Pressure Calculations During Intra-Abdominal Hypertension. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(8):1870-1877.
  222. Jakob SM, Knuesel R, Tenhunen JJ, et al. Increasing abdominal pressure with and without PEEP: effects on intra-peritoneal, intra-organ and intra-vascular pressures. BMC Gastroenterol. BioMed Central. 2010;10:70.
  223. Lundin S, Grivans C, Stenqvist O. Transpulmonary pressure and lung elastance can be estimated by a PEEP-step manoeuvre. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(2):185-196.
  224. Papavramidis TS, Marinis AD, Pliakos I, et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome — Intra-abdominal hypertension: Defining, diagnosing, and managing. J emergencies, trauma Shock. Medknow Publications. 2011;4(2):279-291.
  225. Pelosi P, Ravagnan I, Giurati G, et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure improves respiratory function in obese but not in normal subjects during anesthesia and paralysis. Anesthesiology. The American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1999;91(5):1221-1231.
  226. Gel'fand B.R., Protsenko D.N., Podachin P.V. i dr. Sindrom intraabdominal'noi gipertenzii: sostoyanie problemy. Sovremennaya meditsinskaya nauka. 2012;2:4-26.
  227. Epshtein S.L. Perioperatsionnoe anesteziologicheskoe obespechenie bol'nykh s morbidnym ozhireniem. Regionarnaya anesteziya i lechenie ostroi boli. 2012;6(3):5-27.
  228. Fumagalli J, Berra L, Zhang C, et al. Transpulmonary Pressure Describes Lung Morphology During Decremental Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Trials in Obesity*. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(8):1374-1381.
  229. Pelosi P, Vargas M. Mechanical ventilation and intra-abdominal hypertension: «Beyond Good and Evil». Crit Care. 2012;16(6):187.
  230. Amato MBP, Barbas CSV, Medeiros DM, et al. Effect of a Protective-Ventilation Strategy on Mortality in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. Massachusetts Medical Society. 1998;338(6):347-354.
  231. Villar J, Kacmarek RM, Pérez-Méndez L, et al. A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized, controlled trial*. CriCare Med. 2006;34(5):1311-1318.
  232. Moroz V.V., Vlasenko A.V., Yakovlev V.N. i dr. Optimizaiya pdkv u bol'nykh s ostrym respiratornym distress-sindromom, vyzvannym pryamymi i nepryamymi povrezhdayushchimi faktorami. Obshchaya reanimatologiya. 2012;VIII(3):5-13.
  233. Rezoagli E, Bellani G. How i set up positive end-expiratory pressure: Evidence — And physiology-based! Crit Care. BioMed Central Ltd. 2019;23(1):412.
  234. Sahetya SK, Goligher EC, Brower RG. Fifty Years of Research in ARDS. Setting Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(11):1429-1438.
  235. Gattinoni L, Carlesso E, Brazzi L, et al. Friday night ventilation: A safety starting tool kit for mechanically ventilated patients. Minerva Anestesiol. Edizioni Minerva Medica. 2014;1046-1057.
  236. Regli A, Hockings LE, Musk GC, et al. Commonly applied positive end-expiratory pressures do not prevent functional residual capacity decline in the setting of intra-abdominal hypertension: a pig model. Crit Care. 2010;14(4):128.
  237. Regli A, Chakera J, De Keulenaer BL, et al. Matching positive end-expiratory pressure to intra-abdominal pressure prevents end-expiratory lung volume decline in a pig model of intra-abdominal hypertension. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(6):1879-1886.
  238. Pirrone M, Fisher D, Chipman D, et al. Recruitment Maneuvers and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Titration in Morbidly Obese ICU Patients. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(2).
  239. Regli A, De Keulenaer BL, Palermo A, et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure adjusted for intra-abdominal pressure — A pilot study. J Crit Care. W.B. Saunders. 2018;43:390-394.
  240. Krebs J, Pelosi P, Tsagogiorgas C, et al. Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on respiratory function and hemodynamics in patients with acute respiratory failure with and without intra-abdominal hypertension: A pilot study. Crit Care. 2009;13(5):160.
  241. Yang Y, Li Y, Liu S-Q, et al. Positive end expiratory pressure titrated by transpulmonary pressure improved oxygenation and respiratory mechanics in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013;126(17):3234-3239.
  242. Regli A, Pelosi P, Malbrain MLNG. Ventilation in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension: what every critical care physician needs to know [Internet]. Ann Intensive Care. Springer Verlag. 2019;52.
  243. Florio G, Ferrari M, Bittner EA, et al. A lung rescue team improves survival in obesity with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care. NLM (Medline). 2020;24(1):4.
  244. Lapinsky SE, Aubin M, Mehta S, et al. Safety and efficacy of a sustained inflation for alveolar recruitment in adults with respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 1999;25(11):1297-1301.
  245. Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Crotti S, et al. Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on regional distribution of tidal volume and recruitment in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. American Thoracic Society. 1995;151(6):1807-1814.
  246. Herff H, Paal P, Von Goedecke A, et al. Influence of ventilation strategies on survival in severe controlled hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2008;36(9):2613-2620.
  247. Krismer AC, Wenzel V, Lindner KH, et al. Influence of positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation on survival during severe hemorrhagic shock. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46(4):337-342.
  248. Jaber S, Jung B, Matecki S, et al. Clinical review: Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction — human studies confirm animal model findings! Crit Care BioMed Central. 2011;206.
  249. Arnal JM, Paquet J, Wysocki M, et al. Optimal duration of a sustained inflation recruitment maneuver in ARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(10):1588-1594.
  250. Hodgson CL, Tuxen DV, Davies AR, et al. A randomised controlled trial of an open lung strategy with staircase recruitment, titrated PEEP and targeted low airway pressures in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care. 2011;15(3):133.
  251. Hodgson CL, Cooper DJ, Arabi Y, et al. Maximal recruitment open lung ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (PHARLAP) A Phase II, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. American Thoracic Society. 2019;200(11):1363-1372.
  252. Lim CM, Jung H, Koh Y, et al. Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy, etiological category of diffuse lung injury, and body position of the patient. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(2):411-418.
  253. Brower RG, Morris A, MacIntyre N, et al. Effects of recruitment maneuvers in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilated with high positive end-expiratory pressure. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(11):2592-2597.
  254. Nielsen J, Østergaard M, Kjaergaard J, et al. Lung recruitment maneuver depresses central hemodynamics in patients following cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(9):1189-1194.
  255. Magomedov R.M., Protsenko D.N., Ignatenko O.V. i dr. Otsenka izmenenii gemodinamiki pri provedenii manevrov otkrytiya al'veol u bol'nykh v kriticheskikh sostoyaniyakh s ostrym povrezhdeniem legkikh/ostrym respiratornym distress-sindromom. Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya. 2011;(6):70—74.
  256. Tugrul S, Akinci O, Ozcan PE, et al. Effects of sustained inflation and postinflation positive end-expiratory pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Focusing on pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(3):738-744.
  257. Albert RK, Hubmayr RD. The prone position eliminates compression of the lungs by the heart. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5):1660-1665.
  258. Mancebo J, Fernández R, Blanch L, et al. A multicenter trial of prolonged prone ventilation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(11):1233-1239.
  259. Guerin C, Gaillard S, Lemasson S, et al. Effects of systematic prone positioning in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;292(19):2379-2387.
  260. Girard R, Gacouin A, Guérin C, et al. Prone Positioning in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. Massachusetts Medical Society. 2013;368(23):2159-2168.
  261. Sud S, Friedrich JO, Taccone P, et al. Prone ventilation reduces mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure and severe hypoxemia: Systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. Intensive Care Med. 2010;585-599.
  262. Gattinoni L, Carlesso E, Taccone P, et al. Prone positioning improves survival in severe ARDS: A pathophysiologic review and individual patient meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol. Edizioni Minerva Medica S.p.A. 2010;76(6):448-454.
  263. Gattinoni LG, Tognoni G, Pesenti A, et al. Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(8):568-573.
  264. Gritsan A.I., Gritsan G.V., Kolesnichenko A.P. i dr. Taktika respiratornoi podderzhki pri ostroi dykhatel'noi nedostatochnosti na fone tyazhelykh form grippa A (H1N1). Intensivnaya terapiya. 2011;1:27-31.
  265. Gritsan A.I., Gritsan G.V., Ishutin V.V. i dr. Rezul'taty intensivnoi terapii bol'nykh s tyazhelymi formami grippa, vyzvannogo virusom A (H1N1), v usloviyakh otdeleniya anesteziologii-reanimatsii. Vestnik Anesteziologii i Reanimatologii. 2010;7(6):1-7.
  266. Grasso S, Terragni P, Birocco A, et al. ECMO criteria for influenza A (H1N1)-associated ARDS: Role of transpulmonary pressure. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(3):395-403.
  267. Smetkin A.A., Kuz'kov V.V., Suborov E.V. i dr. Effektivnost' i bezopasnost' rezhima ventilyatsii s vysvobozhdeniem davleniya v dykhatel'nykh putyakh u patsientov s sepsisom i ostrym respiratornym distress-sindromom. Efferentnaya terapiya. 2011;3:138-139.
  268. Nikolaenko E.M., Belikov S.M., Volkova M.I. i dr. Ventilyatsiya legkikh, reguliruemaya po davleniyu, pri obratnom sootnoshenii prodolzhitel'nosti faz vdokha i vydokha. Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya. 1996;1:43-48.
  269. Varpula T, Valta P, Niemi R, et al. Airway pressure release ventilation as a primary ventilatory mode in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48(6):722-731.
  270. Maxwell RA, Green JM, Waldrop J, et al. A randomized prospective trial of airway pressure release ventilation and low tidal volume ventilation in adult trauma patients with acute respiratory failure. J Trauma — Inj Infect Crit Care. 2010;69(3):501-510.
  271. Zhou Y, Jin X, Lv Y, et al. Early application of airway pressure release ventilation may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(11):1648-1659.
  272. Imai Y, Nakagawa S, Ito Y, et al. Comparison of lung protection strategies using conventional and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91(4):1836-1844.
  273. Muellenbach RM, Kredel M, Said HM, et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation reduces lung inflammation: A large-animal 24-h model of respiratory distress. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(8):1423-1433.
  274. Shimaoka M, Fujino Y, Taenaka N, et al. High frequency oscillatory ventilation attenuates the activation of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in lung injury. Crit Care. 1998;2(1):35-39.
  275. Young D, Lamb SE, Shah S, et al. High-frequency oscillation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. Massachussetts Medical Society. 2013;368(9):806-813.
  276. Derdak S, Mehta S, Stewart TE, et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: A randomized, controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(6):801-808.
  277. Ferguson ND, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, et al. High-Frequency Oscillation in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(9):795-805.
  278. Kneyber MCJ, van Heerde M, Markhorst DG. Reflections on pediatric high-frequency oscillatory ventilation from a physiologic perspective. Respir Care. 2012;57(9):1496-1504.
  279. Davies AR, Jones D, Bailey M, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 2009 influenza A(H1N1) acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA — J Am Med Assoc. 2009;302(17):1888-1895.
  280. Patroniti N, Zangrillo A, Pappalardo F, et al. The Italian ECMO network

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.