The site of the Media Sphera Publishers contains materials intended solely for healthcare professionals.
By closing this message, you confirm that you are a certified medical professional or a student of a medical educational institution.

Bakhtadze M.A.

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University named after, Moscow, Russia

Lusnikova I.V.

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia

Kanaev S.P.

Center for Manual Therapy, Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia

Rasstrigin S.N.

Center for Manual Therapy, Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia

Low back pain: which scales and questionnaires are preferable?

Authors:

Bakhtadze M.A., Lusnikova I.V., Kanaev S.P., Rasstrigin S.N.

More about the authors

Journal: Russian Journal of Pain. 2020;18(1): 22‑28

Read: 11330 times


To cite this article:

Bakhtadze MA, Lusnikova IV, Kanaev SP, Rasstrigin SN. Low back pain: which scales and questionnaires are preferable? Russian Journal of Pain. 2020;18(1):22‑28. (In Russ.)
https://doi.org/10.17116/pain20201801122

Recommended articles:
Chondroprotective therapy and adju­vant support for patients with chro­nic lower back pain. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;(12):120-125
Comparative evaluation of oral chondroprotectors effe­ctiveness in patients with low back pain. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2025;(7):98-103

References:

  1. Clark S, Horton R. Low back pain: a major global challenge. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30725-6
  2. Buchbinder R, van Tulder M, Oberg B, Costa LM, Woolf A, Schoene M, et al. Low back pain: a call for action. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2384-2388. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30488-4
  3. Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2356-2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30480-x
  4. James SL, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990—2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789-1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32279-7
  5. Davydov OS. The prevalence of pain syndromes and their impact on quality of life in the world and Russia according to the data of the Global Burden of Disease Study in the period 1990 to 2013. RZhB. 2015;40(3-4):11-18. (In Russ.)
  6. Hurwitz EL, Randhawa K, Yu H, Cote P, Haldeman S. The Global Spine Care Initiative: a summary of the global burden of low back and neck pain studies. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(suppl 6):796-801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-017-5432-9
  7. Omeljanovskij VV, Avksent’evaMV, Zhelezniakova IA i dr. Clinical Guidelines as a Tool for Improving the Quality of Medical Care Delivery. Onkopediatria. 2017;4(4):246-259. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15690/onco.v4i4.1811
  8. Parfenov VA, Yakhno NN, Kukushkin ML, Churyukanov MV, et al. Acute nonspecific (musculoskeletal) low back pain. Guidelines of the Russian Society for the Study of Pain (RSSP) Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, neuropsychiatry, psychosomatics. 2018;10(2):4-11. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2018-2-4-11
  9. Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA. Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(7):514-530. https://doi.org/10.7326/m16-2367
  10. Oliveira CB, Maher CG, Pinto RZ, Traeger AC, Lin CC, Chenot JF, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(11):2791-2803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5673-2
  11. Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW. Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:Cd008880. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2
  12. Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW. Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(2):Cd008112. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub2
  13. Hjermstad MJ, Fayers PM, Haugen DF, Caraceni A, Hanks GW, Loge JH, et al. Studies comparing Numerical Rating Scales, Verbal Rating Scales, and Visual Analogue Scales for assessment of pain intensity in adults: a systematic literature review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;41(6):1073-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016
  14. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Katz NP, et al. Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2005;113(1-2):9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.012
  15. Dansie EJ, Turk DC. Assessment of patients with chronic pain. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):19-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aet124
  16. British Pain Society. Outcome measures. 2019. https://www.britishpainsociety.org/static/uploads/resources/files/Outcome_Measures_January_2019.pdf
  17. Haefeli M, Elfering A. Pain assessment. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(suppl 1):17-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-005-1044-x
  18. Aitken RC. Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales. Proc R Soc Med. 1969;62(10):989-993.
  19. Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain. 1975;1(3):277-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5
  20. Fairbank JC. Why are there different versions of the Oswestry Disability Index? J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;20(1):83-86. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.9.Spine13344
  21. Bakhtadze MA, Kuzminov KO, Bolotov DA. Oswestry Disability Index: a Study of Releability and Validity of the Russian Version. Manual Therapy. 2016;64(4):24-33. (In Russ.)
  22. Williamson A, Hoggart B. Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rating scales. J Clin Nurs. 2005;14(7):798-804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01121.x
  23. Matamalas A, Ramirez M, Mojal S, Garcia De Frutos A, Molina A, Salo G, et al. The visual analog scale and a five-item verbal rating scale are not interchangeable for back pain assessment in lumbar spine disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(21):1115-1119. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181e7b315
  24. Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC, Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Breivik Hals EK, et al. Assessment of pain. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2008;101(1):17-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aen103
  25. Jensen MP, Karoly P, Braver S. The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods. Pain. 1986;27(1):117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(86)90228-9
  26. Couper MP, Tourangeau R, Conrad FG, Singer E. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Visual Analog Scales:A Web Experiment. Social Science Computer Review. 2006;24(2):227-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439305281503
  27. Klimek L, Bergmann KC, Biedermann T, Bousquet J, Hellings P, Jung K, et al. Visual analogue scales (VAS): Measuring instruments for the documentation of symptoms and therapy monitoring in cases of allergic rhinitis in everyday health care: Position Paper of the German Society of Allergology (AeDA) and the German Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), ENT Section, in collaboration with the working group on Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Environmental Medicine of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (DGHNOKHC). Allergo J Int. 2017;26(1):16-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-016-0006-7
  28. Heller GZ, Manuguerra M, Chow R. How to analyze the Visual Analogue Scale: Myths, truths and clinical relevance. Scand J Pain. 2016;13:67-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.06.012
  29. Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(suppl 11):240-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20543
  30. Ostelo RW, Deyo RA, Stratford P, Waddell G, Croft P, Von Korff M, et al. Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(1):90-94. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10
  31. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/
  32. Chiarotto A, Boers M, Deyo RA, Buchbinder R, Corbin TP, Costa LOP, et al. Core outcome measurement instruments for clinical trials in nonspecific low back pain. Pain. 2018;159(3):481-495. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001117
  33. Cherepanov EA. Russian Version of Oswestry Questionnaire: Test Validity and Reliability. Vestnik Travmatologii i Ortopedii. 2011;1:73-79.
  34. Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The Oswestry Disability Index. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(22):2940-2952; discussion 52. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200011150-00017
  35. Roland M, Fairbank J. The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3115-3124. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00006
  36. Prcic A, Aganovic D, Hadziosmanovic O. Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) Score, a Good Alternative Instrument for Measuring Quality of Life in Patients with Ileal Urinary Diversions. Acta Inform Med. 2013;21(3):160-165. https://doi.org/10.5455/aim.2013.21.160-165
  37. Koibisheva LM, Baimuratova MG. Methods for quality of life assessing and their applicability in patients after operations on the biliary tract. Medicina i Ekologia. 2016;81(4):47-61. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/metody-otsenki-kachestva-zhizni-i-vozmozhnosti-ih-primeneniya-u-patsientov-posle-operatsiy-na-zhelchnyh-putyah
  38. Bergener M. Development, testing, and use of the Sickness impact profile. In: Walker S.R., Rosser R.M., editor. Quality of Life Assessment: Key Issues in the 1990s. Dordecht: Springer; 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2988-6_4
  39. Stratford PW, Binkley JM, Riddle DL, Guyatt GH. Sensitivity to change of the Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire: part 1. Phys Ther. 1998;78(11):1186-1196. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/78.11.1186
  40. Deyo RA, Battie M, Beurskens AJ, Bombardier C, Croft P, Koes B, et al. Outcome measures for low back pain research. A proposal for standardized use. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23(18):2003-2013. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199809150-00018
  41. Andrade C. The primary outcome measure and its importance in clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(10):1320-1323. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15f10377
  42. Ferreira JC. PCM. Types of outcomes in clinical research. J Bras Pneumol. 2017;43(1):5-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37562017000000021
  43. Mayer TG, Neblett R, Cohen H, Howard KJ, Choi YH, Williams MJ, et al. The development and psychometric validation of the central sensitization inventory. Pain Pract. 2012;12(4):276-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00493.x
  44. Waddell G, Newton M, Henderson I, Somerville D, Main CJ. A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain. 1993;52(2):157-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(93)90127-b
  45. Stevens ML, Lin CC, Maher CG. The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. J Physiother. 2016;62(2):116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2015.10.003

Email Confirmation

An email was sent to test@gmail.com with a confirmation link. Follow the link from the letter to complete the registration on the site.

Email Confirmation

We use cооkies to improve the performance of the site. By staying on our site, you agree to the terms of use of cооkies. To view our Privacy and Cookie Policy, please. click here.