Ischemic stroke at a young age has serious physiological and psychological consequences for patients; it is associated with a wide range of etiopathogenetic factors, whose detection can prevent the recurrence of events. This requires a better understanding of these etiopathogenetic factors, the mechanisms of their manifestation and individual risks. Cognitive impairment is often a consequence of stroke that is especially sensitive for young patients. At the same time, in the acute period of the disease, when emergency therapy is aimed at saving the patient, the possible causes of a young stroke cannot always be identified, and cognitive deficit cannot also be established. However, as a rule, more attention is already being paid to these issues during the recovery phase, that, naturally, can reduce the effectiveness of the therapy being undertaken. The purpose of this review is to consider the etiopathogenetic factors of ischemic stroke in young adults, allowing timely identification of the cause of the disease in order to prescribe adequate treatment to prevent relapse. In this case, therapy during the recovery period is of great importance, where, along with the traditionally used antiplatelet, antihypertensive drugs, statins and drugs for normalizing carbohydrate metabolism, it seems useful applying special multicomponent drugs based on natural substances that modulate the processes of restoring cellular homeostasis in damaged areas of the brain. By example of a case of a 37-year-old patient with ischemic stroke, the authors consider the process of identifying the cause of stroke, assessment of cognitive deficits, as well as therapy conducted at the rehabilitation stage, including the use of multicomponent drugs cerebrum compositum N and coenzyme compositum.