Objective. To study the structure of the follow-up group of patients with chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD), which is formed during a medical prophylactic examination of the adult population, as well as the need for and feasibility of modifying the risk of these diseases from the experience gained within the first year of introduction of the medical examination, and to estimate local therapists' load. Material and methods. An expert analysis was made of data on the nosological structure of a follow-up group of patients with CNCD in regional primary healthcare facilities. The group was made up during a medical prophylactic examination of the adult population. The real experience gained in the primary prevention of these diseases (preventive counseling) was studied from the first-year experience in introducing the medical examination of the adult population through the uniform information collection from all outpatient/polyclinic institutions (OPI) in one subject of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation (the Tula Region). An original expert form for uniform data collection, filled out in all 40 OPIs in the urban and rural areas having a total of 546 districts covered by therapists, was worked out to collect information. At the moment of analysis, 256,232 people underwent medical prophylactic examination in these OPIs, which accounted for 87% of the annual systematic size. The results of questioning were used to make an expert analysis of the structure of the follow-up group, to assess its consistency with the current normative orders, and to calculate the average number of detected followed-up patients per medical district and a load per local therapist in terms of the regional staffing rates of a local service. Results. More than half of the followed up patients were shown to have circulatory system diseases (54.8%); about one quarter had other CNCDs to be followed up in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of Russia; at the same time more than one quarter (26.6%) of the patients had the diseases not included in the list of nosological entities to be followed up by a local physician. Thus, the analysis has indicated that the process of forming a follow-up group during medical prophylactic examination should be revised. The people who underwent medical prophylactic examination and were found to have no major CNCDs, but to have a high or very high risk for their development (Health Group II) were also shown to be inadequately covered by primary prevention (in-depth preventive counseling). There is evidence that when the primary healthcare system is understaffed, the necessary volumes of medical prevention of CNCDs require that preventive care alternatives should be developed for the population, among other efforts, it is necessary to introduce prophylactic measures against CNCDs more actively, to form a healthy lifestyle on-site, and other forms. Conclusion. The investigation has shown the real practice of forming follow-up groups by nosological entities and size in the regional OPI during medical prophylactic examination of the adult population; priority areas for improvement of preventive care to the latter in conformity with the requirements of the normative documents of the Ministry of Health of Russia are substantiated.